Energy Trends And Energy Policy In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

In the class 2005, the cleverness usance in Malaysia is roughly 38.9 Mtoe which is addition astir(predicate)(predicate) 5.6 per centum from the year 2000. Oil is a signifi wadt part of brawniness consumed which is intimately 63 per centum. It is party bossly implementd in the industrial and conveyance sector. Natural bollocks up economic consumption be aspects increased in analogue with the fuel electrical energy charter. Although it is lessen from 77 per centum in yea 2000 to 70 per centum in yr 2005 but it still considered as a high in the helping of natural gas with the electrical energy coevals. Actu each(prenominal)y the authorities wants to increase the plenty of coal in the electrical energy coevals mix, but it merely reached active 22 per centum in 2005.In class 1980, Malaysia authorities introduced the National Depletion Policy. It is because Malaysia has many conventional postal code resources ( petroleum and gas ) and renewable zero such(prenominal ) as hydro, biomass and solar energy. The intent of this policy is to develop the economic scheme s oil and gas in a sustainable personal manner and fixed the maximal day-to-day oil and gas product degrees. The take degrees for the natural gas militias be expected to last another 33 old ages and oil militias be expected to last another 19 old ages.Malaysia authorities introduced the Five Fuel Strategy in redact to happen alternate energy beginnings after oil, coal, natural gas and hydro. In 2005, biodiesel was introduced for the conveyance sector to accomplish sustainable energy development by means of variegation of fuel beginning. talent demandThe portion of Malaysia s urban nation go away increase from 63 per centum in 2002 to 78 per centum in 2030. Besides, the existent GDP besides increase about 3.4 per centum per annum. The increasing of population and existent GDP go away take to alter in life-style and do energy demand besides increase in the conveyance, comm ercial-grade and industrial sector.Beginning Global Pe brightenrations ( 2005 ) participate Real GDP and tribeThe concluding energy demand until 2030 shows the effort sector volition collapse the highest developing rate which is about 4.3 per centum. The 2nd growing rate is transmit sector at 3.9 per centum and followed by residential at 3.1 per centum. The low growing rate energy demand is commercial sector at 2.7 per centum. The concluding energy demand is shown in figure on a lower floor.Beginning APERC Analysis ( 2006 ) insert Final push DemandAlthough the concluding energy demand for the diligence sector is the growing rate, but its mean one-year growing is decrease about 7.5 per centum over the past two decennaries. It is because of the switching industry formulation from energy intensive to non-intensive energy and betterment of energy efficiency. Energy demand for natural gas is expected to growing at 43 per centum of industrial demand in 2030. Hence, substitute t he oil as a indigenous fuel in Malaysia. Malaysia authorities makes many programs in order to happen alternate renewable fuel. It scum bag weigh by the development of biomass energy in Malaysia. Biomass energy is use in cogeneration by palm oil industries.Intro takingsThe Malayan authorities stated that mush and idea industry as one of the of spell sector for investing in the 2nd industrial maestro program ( IMP 2 ) . The headspring aim of this program is to accomplish a province of ego sufficient, release worst import and promote foreign capital influx. Although, in the class 1997 occur Asiatic Crisis, the mush and composing industry still potbelly last to make their action. No mill was closed down or taken by larger companies at this clip. The mush and melodic theme industry merely produce little production because they eluding the s lead to of production but still efficient. This industry besides concentrating on niche markets at the national graduated table. Unt il now, this industry becomes one of the of import sectors that contribute to development of Malaysia economic system. The entire capacity of mush and opus production is about over than one million tones per class and it is increase twelvemonth by twelvemonth.In Malaysia, the production of mush and paper industry does non carry by means of the domestic inlet. Malaysia had ever dependent on newspaper import.Figure Malaya cornmeal mush Production and enjoymentFigure Malaysia composition Production and wasting diseaseMalaya is turn in the paper recycling office. Many mill around use about 95 per centum use uppaper as a natural stuff base. Some political party makes web income by selling the wastepaper to another company. The authorities decided to ostracise export of wastepaper to do certain that all of the wastepaper collected stayed in the state.Figure Pulp and Paper mill in MalayaFrom the figure, there are 20 mills of mush and paper in Malaysia. For the instance survey , three mills were selected. The mills areCenpak property ( M ) Sdn BhdPlo 59, Jalan Perusahaan 4,Senai Industrial Estate,81400 Senai, Johor.The company specialising in the maker of expandible polystyrene boxes and foldpaper cartonfuls products. This company was established in twelvemonth 1991.2 ) Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdBatch 7090. Mukim Tg. 12, Karung Berkunci 206,42700 Banting, SelangorMalayaThe company specialising in the maker of line drives and fold up mean(a) documents. Thiscompany was established in twelvemonth 1992. It has approximately 600 employees work in this company.The company is able to admit by 250,000 M/T of industrial paper per twelvemonth.3 ) Ornapaper patience ( M ) Sdn BhdNo. 8998, Kawasan Perindustrian Peringkat IVBatu Berendam75350 MelakaMalayaThe company specialising in the maker of corrugated cartons and control boards. This companywas established in twelvemonth 1990.It has approximately 300 employees working in two displacements. The company isable to bring forth 100,000 M/T of corrugated boards and cartons per twelvemonth. remand shows the entire operating hr and net production for each mill. From the tabular host below, the highest production and runing hr is from Genting Sanyen compared to Ornapaper and Cenpak. It is because Genting Sanyen has a big flora and many prevarication railroad cars that allow to bring forth a big sum of production.NoItemwhole of beatCenpakGenting SanyenOrnapaper12 run hrNet Productionh/yrt/yr62406,6458400196,631584043,756Table spotless runing hr and net productionOperational government and production figuresCenpak place ( M ) Sdn BhdThe workings channelizes for 24 hours a cardinal hours byout the twelvemonth. The usable government of the kit and caboodle differs harmonizing to the force as shown in table below.NoItem building block of criterionFigure1.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.0Base informationCCBCorrugator machineFlexo Printing machines desert water interventionEPSPr eexpansionModeling machinesDryers tympanum room processBoiler 1Boiler 2h/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yrh/yr3,1203,1203,1206,2406,2406,2406,2403,120Plant operational governmentThe monthly net production end product for the point in time January 2000 to December 2000 is shown in the undermentioned tabular array.calendar monthwhole of barExpanded polystyreneCorrugated carton boxJanFeb mangleAprwhitethornJunJulyAug houseOctNovDecSumTTTTTTTTTTTTT5974624857656666536445366955677434784794784225334724535654563065,950 holy net production for the mention periodGenting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdOperational government and production figuresThe works operates for 24 hours a twenty-four hours finishedout the twelvemonth. The operational government of the works for each section is shown in table below.DepartmentWorking( yearss )Number of ShiftsWorking HoursAnnual Operating HoursStock preparedness73248,400Paper machine73248,400Care73248,400The monthly production end product for the twelvemonth 2000 is given in the tabular array below. schedule monthProduction ( T )JanFebMarApr mayJunJulyAug family unitOctNovDecEntire16,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,795196,631Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn BhdThe Ornapaper works operates 16 hours a twenty-four hours on two displacements. However, certain branchs operate over longer periods. The one-year operating hours of the works harmonizing to the action are shown in Table belowPlant one-year runing hrUnit of measuringFigureCorrugator machinePrinting machineWaste water interventionBoilerCompressorHr/yrHr/yrHr/yrHr/yrHr/yr58405840584058405840The monthly production end product of the works for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown table belowcalendar monthUnit of measurementCorrugated boxJanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAug householdOctNovDecTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTonesTones4,2342,9764,0543,9464,2563,8183,3753,1573,1903,5713,6593,520EntireTones43,756Monthly production for the twelvemonth 2002M anufacturing procedureFor the instance survey, fabricating procedure for each mill is oppo post. It is because each works produces different merchandise and different machine. In order to accomplish energy salvaging step, it is of import to cognize the fabrication procedure and it energy uptake in the procedure.Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdThe company produces expandible polystyrene boxes and corrugated box. The production of corrugated box based on the client particularation. The production procedure is begins with starch readying and paper axial rotations.The following phase is corrugators ramification. In this subdivision, the corrugator machine go out convey together a sheet of paper to organize psyche or dual bed corrugated paper. The paper is produced in a uninterrupted procedure harmonizing to the merchandise design and particular(prenominal)ations.The machine is split into chief subdivisions, flute and hot home base subdivisions. The flute subdivision is divided int o flutes portion and dual angel. The paper axial rotations are transported under the axial rotation stands utilizing conveyers. The operator so feeds the axial rotations into the corrugators. In the individualistic facer, the paper is which give the paper the fluted form. Starch is applied to the tips of the flutes on one side and the interior line drive is glued to the flute. The corrugated flute medium with one line drive disposed to it, is called individual phaser web and travels along the machine towards dual angel. This subdivision is known as line preheater. There, the individual facer web meets the outer line drive and forms the corrugated board.After the board emerges from dual angel, it passes a travel heated a steam flatcar known as hot home base, the recognizeter cuts the board to the drive required length to obtain the corrugated sheet. Finally, corrugated sheets are voluptuary and sent to the 2nd subdivision of the corrugators hall by operators.Then, the corrugat ed carton box goes to following procedure which is publishing and slotting, cutting, turn uping and pasting the board to compensate a corrugated box. In this subdivision, it have flexographic or flexo machines. This machine will publish, cuts, creases and glues the board into the concluding form in one operation. Unfortunately, non all operation can be managing with flexo machine. For the big poster board or to a greater extent sophisticated packaging manner instance, it will travel to decease cutting and sewing or pasting procedure manually.Last, the corrugated carton box will be sent to review subdivision. In this subdivision, the merchandise will be inspects whether it is fulfill the client particularizedation or non. After the review subdivision is complete, the merchandise will be sent to the client.Flow Diagram of corrugated box procedureStarch planningPaper RollsCorrugatorPrintingDie CutGluing/StitchingInspectionDeliveryThe 2nd of merchandise in this company is expandible polystyrene boxes. Figure below shows the general procedure to do the expandible polystyrene boxes.EPS RESINNEW MOULDEXPANDERSILO AGING form MachineREQUIRE DRYINGDRYINGPacking materialSTORINGDeliveryEnergy use at modeling procedure.Polystyrene modeling procedure requires the supply of steam, compressed air, electricity, cooling system H2O and vacuity. Steam is required to provide heat for the formation of the polystyrene square up and chilling H2O to chill the vacuity pumps and molds. Compressed air is mainly needed for the control of the molding procedure, purge of H2O and gap of the mold. emptiness is required in the chilling and emptying of extra steam beforehand the mold gap.Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdFlow diagram of production procedure of paperWaste PaperRaw stuff StorageStock PreparationPaper MachineWhitewater PreparationWire SectionImperativeness SectionDryer Section end SectionPaper RollsFirst, the waste paper is collected and some waste paper is import fro m another company. After that, the natural stuff will be store up to six-month supply. The stock readying starts with the cleansing procedure. It starts with the outward-moving cleansing of the diluted mixture of contaminated fibres. The diluted waste paper mixture is pumped to different machines whose intent it is to divide the useable fibres from the ink or any other soiled stuff, which might be attached to the fibre.The mixture has to be farther diluted, dewatered, washed and pressed to hold those fibres reclaimed, which are clean and transcend a certain fibre size, the remainder is put away as sludge.The fibres are separated in short and long fibres to omit the strength and quality of the paper by choosing the appropriate mixture in the paper production subsequently on.Then, the procedure continues to the paper machine subdivision. The paper machine is used as a large drier which exchange the loose fibres into solid sheet of paper. The paper machine can be spliting into anot her subdivision which is the white water readying system, the wire subdivision, the insistency subdivision, the drier subdivision with size imperativeness and finishing subdivision.Whitewater readying is provides the go around H2O for the paper machine. The wire subdivision is orientating the fibres on a traveling screen ( wire ) and allows large measures of H2O to go through through. The imperativeness subdivision presses the H2O in the imperativeness felt which in bend is cleaned with hard-hitting H2O noses and suction tubings for H2O remotion. For the drier subdivision it will distilling inside the cylinder and heats the surface to about 140 & A deg C. Lastly, the finishing subdivision provides a steel calendar for smoothing the surface.Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn BhdThe company produce corrugated box which is same with the Cenpak Holding. Hence, the fabrication procedure to bring forth corrugated box besides same. The procedure need with starch readying and paper axial rota tions, corrugators, printing, dice cut, pasting, review and bringing.Energy use at the corrugatorThe energy consumed at the corrugators subdivision is electrical and thermal energy. Electrical energy is used to run motors, fans and compressor. Thermal energy or steam supplied to the assorted subdivisions of the corrugators. . Boiler is used to bring forth steam for corrugator subdivision to blow H2O intervention works ( WWTP ) . Steam is supplied through a distribution pipe and the distribution is shown in figure below.BoilerSteam HeadingConveyerHot PlateDouble BeckerPreheaterwater system TankIntro energy phthisisEnergy use of mush and paper industry is about 3 per centum from the entire industrial energy expenditure in Malaysia. The mush and paper industry self-generates from the energy required to back up the fabrication procedure. Wood waste fuels, chemical waste fuel watercourse and king cogeneration is the illustration of the spontaneous. Table below show the Malayan indust rial energy ingestion in 2003.Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn BhdEnergy and public-service thrones ingestionThe public-service toilets supplied to the site are electricity, Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) and H2O. The entire energy ingestion of the mill and the one-year energy and public-service corporation be in the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below.NoItemUnit of measurement saloonCost th.RM1234MFOelectrical energy wetSumth.ltrMWhth.m3Th.RM1,3632,96135736688761,501Annual energy public-service corporation ingestion and bells for the twelvemonth 2001Chart one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2001 )From the pie chart, we can hang that MFO and electricity contribute study energy to the Cenpak Holding. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the represent.Description of the electric webThe mill is bill under responsibleness E2 by TNB. The electric use, demand and cost sum-up for 2001 is shown in table below.calendar monthOn- breaker point ( KWh )Off-peak ( KWh )Entire ( KWh )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntireAnnually cost ( th.RM/yr )Average fiscal value RM/KWh167,160157,800156,450141,350113,510151,000151,320185,440170,200157,130152,220124,8101,828,39038096,39091,25088,69098,05076,98096,920107,710119,000101,440102,33088,55065,7801,133,090145263,550249,050245,140239,400190,490247,920259,030304,440271,640259,460240,770190,5902,961,4806880.232Electricity transactionItemUnit of measurementRateElectrical energyDuty codeOn peak period rateOff peak period ratemaximum demand for each KWhRM/KWhRM/KWhRM/monthE3S0.2080.12821.70From the graph, we can await that the highest electricity ingestion was in August and the lowest is in May. The electricity ingestion is all of a sudden decreased in May and get down addition from June to August. The peak clip and off extremum is reduced towards the terminus of the twelvemonth.Fuel supply and ingestionThe fuel used at Cenpak Holding is Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) . MFO is used in the kettleful. The MFO ingestion and be for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below.NoFuelUnit of measurementFigureEntire cost ( th.RM )1MFOltr1,363,250736Water ConsumptionWater ingestion for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below.Calendar monthConsumption ( M3 )Cost ( RM )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire2,3512,5602,8062,7202,7473,4732,7432,5802,2513,4863,7203,07734,5144,558.935,722.816,274.986,080.856,142.087,768.326,132.375,768.005,031.047,797.058,320.856,881.2876,478.56From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in November and the lowest is in January. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher(prenominal)(prenominal) the cost.Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn BhdEnergy and public-service corporation ingestionThe public-service corporations supplied to the site are electricity, steam, and H2O. The one-year energy cost in the twelvemonth 2000 for each public-service corporation is shown in table below.NoUtilityUnit of measurementConsumptionEquivalent EnergyCostGJ%1000 RM%123ElectricitySteamWaterMWhTM398,602316,1992,247,2321,268867,334868,6020.1599.8510019,7207,9051123.628,74625733100Chart one-year cost for each public-service corporationFrom the pie chart, we can see that electricity consume the major portion of the cost which is 69 % . Therefore, it is recommended concentrating the electricity energy to cut down the cost. ad hoc electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI )The specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below.Calendar monthElectricity ( MWh )Production ( T )EUI ( MWh/t )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec7,1857,0636,9297,2467,3658,6238,7728,7668,2019,3198,69310,44116,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,7950.450.440.430.450.440.500.520.530.550.540.550.62Entire98,602196,6310.50Table specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI )From the graph, we can see that specific energy ingestion per ton ( EUI ) reaches the highest in December and lowest in March. The mean electricity ingestion is 0.50 MWh/ton. particularised steam ingestionThe specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below.Calendar monthSteam ( T )Production ( T )EUI ( t/t )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec26,07426,27026,02327,02927,14227,02424,65828,11127,24728,35322,33325,93516,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,7951.621.631.631.661.601.581.461.681.821.651.421.54Entire316,199196,6311.61Table specific steam ingestion per ton ( EUI )Specific steam ingestionFrom the graph, we can see that specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in family and lowest in November. The mean electricity ingestion is 1.61 t/t.The specific H2O ingestion for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below.Calendar monthWater ( M3 )Production ( T )Spec. Water Consumption ( m3/t )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAug SeptOctNovDec18,225716,672717,775217,706117,975218,544520,653219,766719,410220,014818,255819,723116,05516,07315,96116,26616,92817,07816,94416,68614,96017,14415,74316,79511.3510.3711.1410.8910.6210.8612.1911.8512.9711.6711.6011.74Entire2,247,232196,63111.43Table specific H2O ingestion.From the graph, we can see that specific H2O ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in September and lowest in February. The mean electricity ingestion is 11.43 m3/t.Energy and Utilities ConsumptionThe major energy consumed in their works is light fuel oil ( LFO ) , electricity and diesel oil. Electricity is utilised chiefly for its procedure machine such as corrugator, publishing machines, sewing machine, compressor, fan and office. LFO is used by kettledrum to bring forth steam while diesel engine is chiefly used for vehicles. The entire energy and public-service corporations ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown in table below.NoItemUnit of measurementMeasureCost th.RM1234LFO dieselElectricity WaterSumth.ltrth.ltrMWhM3th.RM1,4851023,29424,34698064605361,685Chart one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2002 )From the pie chart, we can see that LFO and electricity contribute major energy to the Ornapaper. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the cost.Electricity dutyThe site belongs to TNB s duty codification E2 Medium Voltage Peak / Off-peak Industrial Tariff. Table below shows the duty rate.ItemUnit of measurementRateElectrical energyDuty codificationOn peak period rateOff peak period rateMaximal demand for each KWhRM/KWhRM/KWhRM/monthE20.2080.12821.70Electricity ingestionTable below shows the monthly electricity ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2002.Calendar monthOn-peak ( KWh )Off-peak ( KWh )Entire ( KWh )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire198,000195,860200,350218,840209,570209,570210,520215,850215,380202,780212,690186,1302,475,540100,27085,040111,930111,460112,460112,46073,46084,72078,26073,06061,25062,6401 ,067,010298,270280,900312,280330,300322,030322,030283,980300,570293,640275,840273,940248,7703,542,550Annually cost ( th.RM/yr )515137651Average pecuniary value ( RM/KWh ) 0.184Graph Electricity Consumption ( 2002 )From the graph, we can see that the highest electricity ingestion was in April and the lowest is in December. The peak clip is about same throughout the twelvemonth but the off extremum is reduced towards the terminal of the twelvemonth.Fuel ingestionLight Fuel Oil ( LFO ) and Diesel are used at Ornapaper. As reference before, LFO is used for kettledrum to bring forth steam and Diesel is used for vehicle. Table below shows the fuel ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002.NoFuelUnit of measurementFigureEntire cost ( th.RM )11.11.2Liquid fuelLFODieselltrltr1,621,280101919107064Entire Cost1134Specific Energy Consumption ( 2002 )Calendar monthElectricity ( KWh )LFO ( ltr )Production ( metric tons )Specific Energy ConsumptionElectricity ( Kwh/tonnes )LFO ( GJ/tonnes )JanFebMarAprMa yJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDec298,270280,900312,280330,300322,030322,030283,980300,570293,640275,840273,940248,77099,65571,182160,52793,764239,073130,255145,800149,23687,873164,152143,427136,3374,2342,9764,0543,9464,2563,8183,3753,1573,1903,5713,6593,52070.494.477.083.775.784.484.195.292.177.274.970.70.850.861.430.862.031.231.561.711.001.661.421.40Entire3,542,5501,621,28043,75681.61.33Graph specific energy ingestion ( electricity )From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in February and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is cut down from October to January. Therefore, it is chances to cut down the electricity ingestion.Graph specific energy ingestion ( LFO )From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in May and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is about same from January to February. Therefore, it is chances to cut down theLFO ingestion and step energy salvaging for the boiler.Water ConsumptionWater is used for boiler to br ing forth steam and for publishing procedure at the Ornapaper. The H2O ingestion for Ornapaper in the twelvemonth 2002 is given in table below.Calendar monthFigure ( M3 )Entire Cost ( th.RM )JanFebMarAprMayJunJulyAugSeptOctNovDecEntire1,4801,5812,4861,9942,3492,3312,2451,9861,1711,1941,6763,26523,7582,175.602,324.073,654.422,931.183,453.033,426.573,300.152,919.421,721.371,755.182,463.724,799.5534,924.26Graph H2O consumotion and cost ( 2002 )From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in December and the lowest is in September. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher the cost.