Female Genital Mutilation among the Somali Community in London, And Literature review

Female Genital Mutilation among the Somali Community in London, And Its Effects on Girls (11-15) In Education - Literature review Example Mostly carried out minus anesthesia, statistics form WHO indicates that FGM is so common in Africa, and developed countries where FGM is common, the immigrants are the ones who practice it. Over 150 million young girls and women have undergone Female Genital Mutilation across the globe, at least according to World Health Organization. There are various reasons of carrying out FGM, at least according to some communities who cite the reduction of libido in women in order to control their sexual life. In United Kingdom, the Somalis have been the largest immigrant group according to the statistics released by the Refugee Council in 2005. However, these statistics do not have further information on the health needs of the Somali people living across UK. As Hammersley (1998) notes, over 34,000 Somalis living in London City alone, the women are the majority as compared to men by 56 percent to men’s 44 percent. Nonetheless, these figures do not include those of asylum seekers, just as it has always been hard to get the exact number of minority groups across UK. It is paramount to note that although not all health information of immigrants is available, specific health needs among of some immigrant communities are available. For example, some researchers have studies language and communication needs of the Somali people including their mental and physical conditions. Undoubtedly, these needs are vital when it comes to pregnancy and childbirth issues. Matters of maternal familiarities also need understanding of both social and cultural backgrounds. Therefore, this paper will mainly review Female Genital Mutilation among Somali girls aged 11 and 15 and will examine the consequences of FGM when it comes to education. The paper will also examine the... This essay tresses that it is important to discuss the dangers associated with FGM. According to the World Health Organization, female genital mutilation leaves mental and physical damages to women and girls. In fact, in some instances, some girls have bled to death due to wrong cutting. There is no doubt that the victims experience mammoth pain during cutting, a pain that they will always remember in their entire lives should they happen to survive. Various researchers have associated some psychometric stresses with FGM. There are also other effects of female genital mutilation for example, pain during sexual intercourse, severe pain during delivery, bladder complications, and hemorrhage especially if the victim undergoes caesarean sections in delivering a baby. This paper makes a conclusion that the physical and psychological challenges experienced have serious negative impacts when it comes to education. The social consequences such as stigma and low self-esteem are also injurious to these girls who are trying to shape their careers. There is no doubt that FGM cases serious physical, social, educational, sexual and psychological challenges to girls aged 11-15. Societies and governments should do more to stop the vice and instead focus on ways that improve and empower the girl child. Criminalization of the practice has proved successful and religious sects should stop misleading the public on issues of FGM.

Information technology Essay Example for Free

Information technology Essay Information technology pertains to electronic tools that facilitate several processes that are commonly employed in an institution, including the collection, storage, retrieval and transfer of information from one site to another. It should be understood that information technology increases the speed in data handling not only within one institution, but also within a network that may be composed of multiple sites around the world. Information technology thus enhances the transmission of data, as well as increases the volume of processes that could be performed at the same time. The state of information technology has rapidly evolved in the last few decades, resulting in its application in almost every field of profession. In the field of medicine, information technology has improved the quality of healthcare by facilitating different processes in the system. Information technology has revolutionized the storage and maintenance of medical records (Hillestad et al. , 2005). The classical method of record keeping involves thousands of files in every healthcare institution and a group of highly efficient record keepers who meticulously store and retrieve patient medical records. In the event that the patient needs to consult with another department or physician of the hospital, his records are physically retrieved from the files and carried over to the next clinic. Unfortunately, consulting another physician in another hospital would be more challenging as a referral document needs to be written and delivered to the next institution before the patient is allowed to appear for a medical consult. Information technology has revolutionized healthcare by converting patient records in an electronic format that could be retrieved at any time a physician (Bardach et al. , 2009). In addition, the electronic format facilitates the manner of reviewing the patient’s chart as his history is immediately available at the click of specific commands on the software. This technology thus saves time in physically performing retrieval tasks, which in turn can be critical when the medical condition of a patient is quite serious. Electronic medical records also expands the capacity of consolidating information on a particular patient, as all test records could be integrated into one single file. The employment of electronic medical records also improves the communication between the patient and the physician, mainly due to the ease and speed of accessing the patient’s chart (Hsu et al. , 2005). Instead of spending time in finding the patient’s records in the filing cabinet, the physician thus spends more time in assessing the patient’s current condition and in designing a treatment regimen for the patient. With this setting of ample interaction and personal attention from the physician, the patient will feel properly attended to by his physician. It should be understood that the positive interaction between the physician and the patient strongly influences the success and adherence of the patient to a treatment plan. The application of information technology to healthcare has also enhanced the capacity in prescribing medications to patients (Garrido et al. , 2005). Using a patient database for administered drugs, physicians and pharmacists can quickly check specific medications and dosages that have been given to a particular patient. There are many cases of intoxication or drug-drug interactions as there are usually no available information of previous medications that a patient has taken and retrieval of paper-based records takes some time to complete. Pharmacies can also monitor the amount of drugs that have been supplied to the patients and regulate the amount of refills, which in turn can prevent drug abuse or intoxication. Healthcare has also benefited from information technology by facilitating physicians in requesting for medical procedures. Instead of having a physician provide a written request for a diagnostic test or medical procedure, information technology allows the physician to request the same procedures through a hospital database and just direct the patient to proceed to the next clinic or laboratory. Information technology also upgrades the method of making decisions with regards to specific medical conditions. It is a frequent occurrence that a patient develops a disease that needs to be attended by several doctors of different specializations. It is thus common to find a medical team composed of a cardiologist, pulmonologist, anesthesiologist and surgeon, discussing the condition of a single patient. Each of these specialists has very hectic schedules and thus it is difficult for them to be at a single site to discuss a patient’s condition. Information technology allows case discussions between specialists through the use of teleconferences, which involves computer-based software in providing both visual and audio access to other sites of the network. Information technology has also helped healthcare institutions consult specialists who may be in another hospital within the country and in another institution across the globe. Patient records, as well as data images from diagnostic tests from computerized tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or electrocardiograms, could be electronically sent to any other point around the world without any deterioration in the quality of the data. This feature increases the capacity of a healthcare institution in completing an assessment of a patient and in designing of the next appropriate procedure or treatment that should be performed on the patient. Healthcare has significantly improved through the adaptation of information technology. Electronic data storage, retrieval and transmission have enhanced the capacity for physicians and other healthcare personnel to review and follow specific instructions in taking care of patients. Prescription of drugs and monitoring of conditions of the patient has also improved as electronic formats have been installed in almost every hospital department. The improvement of healthcare using information technology has also increased the time that could be spent in personally attending to patients, which ultimately enhances the quality of healthcare services.

A Woeful Trap... Act 1 In Hamlet :: essays research papers

Is he mad or sane? Or just mad in craft, yet punished with sore distractions. Perhaps Hamlet is the victim--as we all at some time feel to be--of the world's sane view of insane perplexities. He is the man at war within himself; a traveler with a passport into strange, twilight regions of the soul. Whether or not Hamlet's suffering, and then insanity, is caused by his relations or by his own melancholy, Hamlet's struggle embodies the essential inwardness of human suffering that all can relate to.The concrete manifestations of Hamlet's misery are closely related. Not only has his father died, also his uncle is the murderer, his mother marries the uncle and is a likely accessory to the crime, and his true love lies to him. It is reasonable to suppose that Hamlet's state of mind becomes more and more unstable as he is consumed with thoughts of all of the sins against him. Eventually Hamlet loses all sense of life's significance. He states to his deceitful mother and uncle, "But I have that within which passes show These but the trappings and the suit of woe" (I, II, 85-86). Hamlet tries to articulate that his grief for his father's death and the prospect of his mother's unfaithfulness is almost inexpressible. He is left alone to bear the burden of suspicion toward the people he once loved. To a man bereft of a sense of purpose there is no possibility of action because it wouldn't have any meaning. No act but suicide seems rational.Yet Hamlet seeks to escape his life of woe when he is commanded by his father's spirit to a great act--revenge. Therein lies the unique chance for a sick soul to heal, to be cleansed and rested. But good cannot come of evil, and so the sickness of his soul only further infects his state of being. His mental disintegration, once proposed to be on purpose, continues uncontrolled. In the desert of his mind, void with the utter emptiness of the knowledge of death (his father's and the death of his faith in his mother) lies the supreme enemy to neurotic despair: romantic love. For romantic love assures power, it can create a sense of purpose, inspire heroism and beauty.

Reaction Paper: Global Food and Beverage Industry Essay

As years go by, population rises, not just here in the Philippines but also in other regions of the different continents. And when the number of people multiplies so does their needs when it comes to providing food in their tables. Of course, for a very long time the Global Food and Beverage Sector has become part of the everyday lives of each person. No one can say that they can live without what can be provided by the said sector because most of us find profit in the jobs that can be provided for/come from the Food and Beverage Industry and that may be the reason why year after year the Food and Beverage Market boosts up in every corner of the world. But as the industry continues to rise so does the consumption of packaged food in many houses. Packaged Food may be convenient, enticingly packaged and for some people they’re so addictively tempting that indulgence is a constant, uncontrollable urge. But packaged foods are a collective Trojan horse of bad health just waiting to rear its nasty head when you least expect it, sometimes immediately and sometimes later on down the road, which means they’re definitely something you want to cut out of your diet for good. While it is true that it may help us save more and put less effort in preparing food to be served in our tables, it is something that we need to watch out for because we might not see the effects right now but when the consequence strikes back it might not be pleasant. Even if packaged food contributes to the growing impact on the Food and Beverage Industry, we must remember to prioritize our health first before anything else. We must help develop healthy packaged food that can be less in preservatives/additives to prevent the disease it causes to the ones who consume it.

Birthday Party

A birthday is a very wonderful day. Everybody likes to celebrate it. It is a good opportunity to spend time with friends, parents, relatives. My 17th birthday party last year was a really memorable occasion. I celebrated it at home in the evening. All my friends came and we had a lot of fun. Preparations began a day before the celebration. My mother and I cleaned the house. Many delicious dishes were cooked, the rooms were decorated with balloons and steamers. In the morning of birthday party day my father went shopping and bought everything we needed.All the invitations were sent one week before the celebration. In the morning on my birthday my parents put the presents near my bed. So, the first thing I saw when I opened my eyes was my presents. My mom and daddy and my little brother came to my room to congratulate me and to sing ? «Happy Birthday? ». By the evening food was cooked, the table was laid. We put on evening suits and dresses and waited for the guests. The flat looke d nice and cosy. I was very glad to meet my guests. I got a lot of flowers, presents and Birthday cards.We had an abundant dinner on this day. My mother bought in the birthday cake and I blew the candles out. We danced and sang songs, played games and laughed, Joked, told funny stories, listened to the music. I think that my birthday is one of the best days in a year. The entire evening was a huge success and everyone agreed that we had a lot of fun. It certainly was the best party I have ever had, because of the great pleasure it gave me to see so many of my friends and relatives together in the same place. I think I shall remember my party for a long time to come.A birthday is a very wonderful day. Everybody likes to celebrate it. It is a good opportunity to spend time with friends, parents, relatives. My 17th birthday party last year was a really memorable occasion. I celebrated it at home in the evening. All my friends came and we had a lot of fun. Preparations began a day befor e the celebration. My mother and I cleaned the house. Many delicious dishes were cooked, the rooms were decorated with balloons and steamers. In the morning of birthday party day my father went shopping and bought everything we needed.All the invitations were sent one week before the celebration. In the morning on my birthday my parents put the presents near my bed. So, the first thing I saw when I opened my eyes was my presents. My mom and daddy and my little brother came to my room to congratulate me and to sing ? «Happy Birthday? ». By the evening food was cooked, the table was laid. We put on evening suits and dresses and waited for the guests. The flat looked nice and cosy. I was very glad to meet my guests. I got a lot of flowers, presents and Birthday cards. We had an abundant dinner on this day.My mother bought in the birthday cake and I blew the candles out. We danced and sang songs, played games and laughed, Joked, told funny stories, listened to the music. I think tha t my birthday is one of the best days in a year. The entire evening was a huge success and everyone agreed that we had a lot of fun. It certainly was the best party I have ever had, because of the great pleasure it gave me to see so many of my friends and relatives together in the same place. I think I shall remember my party for a long time to come. Birthday Party By marusks05

The Fire Sermon Analysis Essays

The Fire Sermon Analysis Essays The Fire Sermon Analysis Paper The Fire Sermon Analysis Paper Sofilda Totoni March 3rd, 2011 Lit 216 â€Å"The Fire Sermon† Analysis. This section, and the longest of Elliot’s â€Å"The Waste Land†, depicts poor, gloomy, lethargic scenery in which the themes of lust, sexual ambiguity, moral degradation, spiritual melancholy, abound throughout the poem. The poet himself often embodies the role of ancient and mythological figures to which he alludes in order to strike the readers infatuation. He continually reminds us that beauty, love, passions which was once food for the soul, are turned to slaves of our egoistical, materialistic, relished physical needs. The central character is the poet himself who often takes on the roles of the Fisher King and Tiresias in order to convey his message. The other characters, Actaeon and Dian replaced by Sweeney and Mr. Porter, Thames’s daughters, The clerk and the typist, Queen Elizabeth with her suitor Earl of Leicester;-all these are foil and flat characters who although taken from, and alluded to past, famous literary works, their presence and revelation is to unveil the narrator’s major themes and ideas. These characters are stereotypes or archetypes throughout the work. The scenery and images implied in the work play a major role in describing and interpreting the contextual setting of a pictorial framework. Elliot opens this section with the image of a river in late autumn, or early winter: â€Å"The River’s tent is broke; the last fingers of leaf clutch and sink into the wet bank. the nymphs are departed. Elliot cites here Spencer’s â€Å"Prothalamion† with the line: â€Å"Sweet Thames, run softly till I end my song†. He takes us to Spencer’s Thames and ‘bridal song’ that suggests celebrating life and happiness along Thames. He quickly changes scenery and contrasts this setting with the one he’s witnessing. He’s sitting by the Leman-French for Lake Geneva, where he witnesses degradation, elements of the modern world-â€Å"empty bottles, sandwich papers, cardboard boxes, cigarette ends†. Then Elliot starts weeping. His tears are reference to a passage from the Bible, Psalm 137, in which the people of Israel cry by the river as they remember Jerusalem. The image of death and urban decay is further revealed:-â€Å"a cold blast, bones rattle, and a rat creeps through vegetation /dragging its slimy belly on the bank†. The rat symbolizes grossness, filth, moral corruption of the modern world. The rat also illustrates Elliot’s spiritual world; he feels disappointed, belittled â€Å"fishing in the dull canal†, and just like the rat who creeps through trash in search for food, the poet himself is in search for food for the soul, he wants to infiltrate through the rubbish material he is presented, and find the spiritual muse for his further works. Elliot takes on the role of The Fisher King alluding to Jessie L Weston’s â€Å"From Ritual to Romance† and its description of the Grail Legend. The poet also combines the â€Å"Tempest† Shakespeare’s drama elements which are also used in earlier lines of â€Å"The Waste Land† in referral to Grail Legend. Musing upon the king my brother’s wreck/and on the king my father’s death before him. The ill, impotent King Fisher embodied by Elliot, describes the wasteland that stretches before him: -white bodies naked on the low damp ground† and bones scattered in a little dry garret/Rattled by the rat’s foot only, year to year† Once again, the rats appear again to portray a hell setting. Elliot proceeds to the allusion of John Day’s â€Å"The Parliament of Bees† that describes the tale of Actaeon and Diana accordingly referred by â€Å"Sweeney and Mrs. Porter. â€Å"The sound of horns and motors which shall bring Sweeney to Mrs. Porter in the spring† Later on he alludes to Verlaine’s Parisfal , where Parisfal resisted the seduction of Kundry which in turn as a sign of respect washed his feet paralleling with the adulteress who washed the feet of Christ to be redeemed. It is evident that throughout these lines the love motif becomes apparent and indicative of young, passionate emotions which later on turn to lust and immorality. The next four bizarre lines: Twit twit twit/jug jug jug/ So rudely forc’d Tereu; refer to describe the sound of Philomela as nightingale. Twit, twit twit –seem to recall a bird’s song. It all goes back in† A game of Chess† to the story of the woman who was violated and took her revenge. â€Å"So rudely forc’d† refers to Tereu’s violation. The moral degradation goes on as the narrator takes us to another scene and image description. The â€Å"Unreal City† takes the reader back to London. Mr Eugenides , the Smyrna merchant, carrying a pack of of forbidden mysteries, invites the narrator to luncheon at Cannon Street hotel and a weekend at the Metropole. The narrator then takes on the role of Tiresias, the â€Å"Old man with wrinkled female breasts†. Elliot does it again. He evives, recasts once again mythology as a modern aspect to compare cheap sexual encounters with the pure and noble young love. Tiresias, the blind prophet, ironically sits back and watches the young clerk and typist indulge in sex and lust, looking beyond the potential romance that any relationship carries. â€Å"Endeavors to engage her in caresses †¦flushed and decided , he assaulted at once; Exploring hands encounter no defence; After the passionate sex has been consummated, the young man departs as a stranger creeping up in darkness â€Å"gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit†. The young woman barely notices his departures, showing a gesture of indifference â€Å"Well now that’s done: and I’m glad it’s over†-she feels alone, empty in vague, and lost in confusion-â€Å" Paces about her room again, alone/smoothes her hair with automatic hand, And puts a record on the gramophone† The musicality of the poem takes the poet and the reader to quiet, peaceful and relaxing places:-a public bar in Lower Thames/The pleasant whining of a mandolin/Where fishermen longue at noon/the walls of Magnus Martyr hold inexplicable splendor of Ionian white and gold† The splendor serenity is disrupted by the lamented song of Thames three daughters †Weilalala leia-Wallala leialala†. The poet here takes the theme and the story from Spencer’s Gotterdammerung â€Å"The Rhine daughters†. The three daughters sing and weep about their mournful love stories and betrayals. One of them recalls the promises her lover made â€Å" He wept. He promised â€Å"a new start†. She scornfully recalls and regrets those times with deep shame and embarrassment:- â€Å"I can connect nothing with nothing. The broken fingernails of dirty hands†. Among the Rhine’s daughter’s tragic stories, Elliot recalls and brings back Queen Elizabeth’s and Earl of Leicester relationship which although in reality characterized by a pure and noble-natured relationship, in the poem is depicted as heroic and passionate, thus following the trend of contemporary life. The author again alludes to past authoritative figures by means of irony and parody to whip the social occurrences and trends that ruin such purity and nobility. The poem ends with the references to St Augustine’s Confessions and Buddha’s Fire Sermon which represent the western and eastern asceticism. Just as the title of this section of poem suggests, Buddha warned against surrender to the senses which are â€Å"on fire†. When the disciple becomes purged of passion , he becomes free†-Through metaphor, symbolism, and allusion the sermon thus serves as a lesson preached and delivered to the reader with a strong message: â€Å"Do not surrender to the dangers of youthful lust† Elliot’s style, language and form makes him the father of modernism. His use of irony, satire, dramatic monologues, language slangs and shifts to foreign phrases; the quotations and citations to mythology, Old Testament, historical figures; the intensive notes which are deep and obscure, the musical tones that penetrate the poem;-these and other artistic elements give the poem a disjointed nature but unique at the same time. Citations and References: Elliot’s footnotes Eliot, T. S. (1963). Collected Poems, 1909-1962. New York: Harcourt, Brace World Gish, Nancy (1988). The Waste Land: A Students Companion to the Poem. Boston: The sixth edition of The Norton Anthrology of English Literature. Jennifer Sorensen Emery-Peck â€Å"Tom and Vivien Eliot Do Narrative in Different Voices: Mixing Genres in The Waste Land’s Pub

The three classic gangster movies

The three classic gangster movies: Little Caesar (LeRoy, 1930), Public Enemy (Wellman, 1931), and Scarface (Hawks, 1932) usually took place at night in speakeasies, night clubs, elaborate apartments of the gangsters, and back rooms during the time of prohibition. Prohibition is believed to be the lead cause of the development of gangsters throughout the United States and the beginning of inter gang conflict involving territory among enemies. Each classic was said to have been based on a real life gangster of the 1930's and characters were created to depict the life of crime on the streets drawn from actual newspaper headlines. Actors such as Edward G. Robinson and James Cagney were cast to portray the life of infamous gang leaders Al Capone, Bugsy Siegel, and Hymie Weiss. It has been stated that their screen portrayals bore little resemblance to the actual criminal. In fact, many critics have argued that just the reverse is true, that "real" criminals tended to adjust th! eir dress and demeanor so that they might resemble their depiction in the movies. (Shatz 84) Two of the three most popular films begin and end in the same manner. Little Caesar opens with an off screen robbery and murder of a gas station attendant by a small time crook, Rico, who eventually makes his way to the top in the big city with the help of his right hand man, Joe. After he achieves his "overly ambitious goal of becoming a crime lord, Rico is machined gunned down in the final scene." (Dirks 2) The same holds true for Scarface. Tony Camonte, the former body guard of "Big Louis" Costillo- the last of the old fashioned leaders-sets the stage for what is to come when he viciously murders Costillo in his own night club. This begins Tony's relentless pursuit in his quest for power and fortune. Tony, like Rico, is killed by police sending him back to the gutter where they came from. The third of the classic gangster films, Public Enemy, opens not wi...

Understanding the Infamous Milgram Experiment

Understanding the Infamous Milgram Experiment In the 1960s, psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of studies on the concepts of obedience and authority. His experiments involved instructing study participants to deliver increasingly high-voltage shocks to an actor in another room, who would scream and eventually go silent as the shocks became stronger. The shocks werent real, but study participants were made to believe that they were. Today, the Milgram experiment is widely criticized on both ethical and scientific grounds. However, Milgrams conclusions about humanitys willingness to obey authority figures remain influential and well-known. Key Takeaways: The Milgram Experiment The goal of the Milgram experiment was to test the extent of humans willingness to obey orders from an authority figure.Participants were told by an experimenter to administer increasingly powerful electric shocks to another individual. Unbeknownst to the participants, shocks were fake and the individual being shocked was an actor.The majority of participants obeyed, even when the individual being shocked screamed in pain.The experiment has been widely criticized on ethical and scientific grounds. Milgram’s Famous Experiment In the most well-known version of Stanley Milgrams experiment, the 40 male participants were told that the experiment focused on the relationship between punishment, learning, and memory. The experimenter then introduced each participant to a second individual, explaining that this second individual was participating in the study as well. Participants were told that they would be randomly assigned to roles of teacher and learner. However, the second individual was an actor hired by the research team, and the study was set up so that the true participant would always be assigned to the teacher role. During the study, the learner was located in a separate room from the teacher (the real participant), but the teacher could hear the learner through the wall. The experimenter told the teacher that the learner would memorize word pairs and instructed the teacher to ask the learner questions. If the learner responded incorrectly to a question, the teacher would be asked to administer an electric shock. The shocks started at a relatively mild level (15 volts) but increased in 15-volt increments up to 450 volts. (In actuality, the shocks were fake, but the participant was led to believe they were real.) Participants were instructed to give a higher shock to the learner with each wrong answer. When the 150-volt shock was administered, the learner would cry out in pain and ask to leave the study. He would then continue crying out with each shock until the 330-volt level, at which point he would stop responding. During this process, whenever participants expressed hesitation about continuing with the study, the experimenter would urge them to go on with increasingly firm instructions, culminating in the statement, You have no other choice, you must go on. The study ended when participants refused to obey the experimenter’s demand, or when they gave the learner the highest level of shock on the machine (450 volts). Milgram found that participants obeyed the experimenter at an unexpectedly high rate: 65% of the participants gave the learner the 450-volt shock. Critiques of the Milgram Experiment Milgram’s experiment has been widely criticized on ethical grounds. Milgram’s participants were led to believe that they acted in a way that harmed someone else, an experience that could have had long-term consequences. Moreover, an investigation by writer Gina Perry uncovered that some participants appear to not have been fully debriefed after the study- they were told months later, or not at all, that the shocks were fake and the learner wasn’t harmed. Milgram’s studies could not be perfectly recreated today, because researchers today are required to pay much more attention to the safety and well-being of human research subjects. Researchers have also questioned the scientific validity of Milgram’s results. In her examination of the study, Perry found that Milgram’s experimenter may have gone off script and told participants to obey many more times than the script specified. Additionally, some research suggests that participants may have figured out that the learner was not actually harmed: in interviews conducted after the study, some participants reported that they didn’t think the learner was in any real danger. This mindset is likely to have affected their behavior in the study. Variations on the Milgram Experiment Milgram and other researchers conducted numerous versions of the experiment over time. The participants levels of compliance with the experimenter’s demands varied greatly from one study to the next. For example, when participants were in closer proximity to the learner (e.g. in the same room), they were less likely give the learner the highest level of shock. Another version of the study brought three teachers into the experiment room at once. One was a real participant, and the other two were actors hired by the research team. During the experiment, the two non-participant teachers would quit as the level of shocks began to increase. Milgram found that these conditions made the real participant far more likely to disobey the experimenter, too: only 10% of participants gave the 450-volt shock to the learner. In yet another version of the study, two experimenters were present, and during the experiment, they would begin arguing with one another about whether it was right to continue the study. In this version, none of the participants gave the learner the 450-volt shock. Replicating the Milgram Experiment Researchers have sought to replicate Milgrams original study with additional safeguards in place to protect participants. In 2009, Jerry Burger replicated Milgram’s famous experiment at Santa Clara University with new safeguards in place: the highest shock level was 150 volts, and participants were told that the shocks were fake immediately after the experiment ended. Additionally, participants were screened by a clinical psychologist before the experiment began, and those found to be at risk of a negative reaction to the study were deemed ineligible to participate. Burger found that participants obeyed at similar levels as Milgram’s participants: 82.5% of Milgram’s participants gave the learner the 150-volt shock, and 70% of Burger’s participants did the same. Milgram’s Legacy Milgram’s interpretation of his research was that everyday people are capable of carrying out unthinkable actions in certain circumstances. His research has been used to explain atrocities such as the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide, though these applications are by no means widely accepted or agreed upon. Importantly, not all participants obeyed the experimenter’s demands, and Milgram’s studies shed light on the factors that enable people to stand up to authority. In fact, as sociologist Matthew Hollander writes, we may be able to learn from the participants who disobeyed, as their strategies may enable us to respond more effectively to an unethical situation. The Milgram experiment suggested that human beings are susceptible to obeying authority, but it also demonstrated that obedience is not inevitable. Sources Baker, Peter C. â€Å"Electric Schlock: Did Stanley Milgrams Famous Obedience Experiments Prove Anything?† Pacific Standard (2013, Sep. 10). https://psmag.com/social-justice/electric-schlock-65377Burger, Jerry M. Replicating Milgram: Would People Still Obey Today?.  American Psychologist 64.1 (2009): 1-11. http://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2008-19206-001Gilovich, Thomas, Dacher Keltner, and Richard E. Nisbett. Social Psychology. 1st edition, W.W. Norton Company, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?isbn0393913236Hollander, Matthew. â€Å"How to Be a Hero: Insight From the Milgram Experiment.† HuffPost Contributor Network (2015, Apr. 29). https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how-to-be-a-hero-insight-_b_6566882Jarrett, Christian. â€Å"New Analysis Suggests Most Milgram Participants Realised the ‘Obedience Experiments’ Were Not Really  Dangerous.† The British Psychological Society: Research Digest (2017, Dec. 12). https://digest.bps.org.uk/2017/12/12/int erviews-with-milgram-participants-provide-little-support-for-the-contemporary-theory-of-engaged-followership/ Perry, Gina. â€Å"The Shocking Truth of the Notorious Milgram Obedience Experiments.† Discover Magazine Blogs (2013, Oct. 2). http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2013/10/02/the-shocking-truth-of-the-notorious-milgram-obedience-experiments/Romm, Cari. â€Å"Rethinking One of Psychologys Most Infamous Experiments.† The Atlantic (2015, Jan. 28). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/rethinking-one-of-psychologys-most-infamous-experiments/384913/

Fallacies Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fallacies Analysis - Assignment Example This is a type of question that is intended to make the opponent look unavoidably bad and uncomfortable. It can be found in political campaigns aimed at the citizens’ noble feelings: e.g. do you favor voting for a party that will legalize drugs, promote gay marriages and diminishes importance of religious spirituality justifying it with democratic aspirations? In this fallacy, the premises supporting the conclusion imply that the conclusion is true. For example, one can say that the United States is the best country to live in the world because there are no other countries better than the U.S. Drawing conclusions based on the available evidence, we often suppress both available and unavailable evidence that might make the conclusion more consistent. A common instance is insisting that America is an inherently Christian nation relying on the fact that ‘in God, we trust’ is inscribed in money. However, this conclusion is inconsistent due to a suppressed evidence: this inscription was added in the middle of the 20th century because of the fear of communism. Lack of proportion is over- or underestimation of actions, arguments, and outcomes used to convince people. An instance of this fallacy can be seen in downplaying important arguments for the sake of less significant ones. For example, a mother can be worried about the risk her child faces at school, i.e. risk of a mass school shooting; but she ignores the significance of the risk the child faces going to the school by bus daily.

Rights and Obligations of Spouses in Islamic Marriage Research Paper

Rights and Obligations of Spouses in Islamic Marriage - Research Paper Example Seeking to understand and evaluate the main rights and obligations of spouses in an Islamic marriage, the following aims to provide a thorough, yet critical overview of an important issue. With an emphasis on the important obligations facing both men and women as they pertain to marriage, this critical essay will utilize the research of Amina Wadud-Muhsin, in her groundbreaking piece Qur’an and Women, to understand the ways in which gender is framed through an Islamic lens. Following this, an overview of the issues studied will conclude with a critical overview of the important rights and obligations of spouses within Islam. The following section turns more thoroughly to the main rights and obligations with the institution of marriage within Islam (Chaudhry, 2001). Developed through the teachings of the late Prophet Mohammad and framed within the social context in which the doctrine developed, Islam has prescribed roles for both men and women within the Islamic faith. Islam invites all the Muslims to follow Islamic teachings in all spheres of their life for the deliverance of humanity. The Qu’ran is the sacred text of all Muslims which is revealed to Prophet Muhammad. Islamic teachings are best understood through both the Qu’ran and Hadith. Allah says in the Qu’ran, "And He does not speak out of caprice. It is not but a revelation revealed, taught him by one terrible in power. (Chapter-53: verses-3 to 5). Islam proclaims to do everything fi-sabilillah (for the sake of God). Islam also orders Muslims to visit and take care of sick persons. Furthermore, the relationship between husband and wife is seen as one of the most important social bonds which exist in society (Esposito, 2008). An Islamic marriage begins with the nikah, which is the matrimonial contract between husband and wife. The marriage can only be said to be Islamically sound if the prerequisites of nikah are fulfilled and entered into without duress.

Iran during the rule of Ayatollah Khomeini Essay

Iran during the rule of Ayatollah Khomeini - Essay Example [Iranchamber.com] He was a lecturer at Najaf and Qum seminaries for decades before he was known in the political scene. .[Wikipedia.org] As a scholar and teacher, Khomeini produced numerous writings on Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics. Although Khomeini was not politically active, but his teachings and writings suggested that he was firm believer on the importance of clerics in political movement. He was the first Iranian cleric to try to refute the outspoken advocacy of secularism in the 1940s. However at the age of 60, the leadership arena opened for Khomeini following the deaths of two important clerical leaders during 1960's. On 22 January 1963, Khomeini summoned a meeting of the senior parliamentarians of Qom and pursuaded them to decree a boycott on the referendum initiated by the Reza Shah Pahlavi which were regarded as dangerous. Khomeini accused Shah of his submission to America and Israel by violating the constitution by the way of issuing manifesto that represented the signatures of other senior Iranian Shia religious scholars. Khomeini denunicated Shah at several occasions for which he was arrested on 5th June, 1963 which sparked off riots throughout Iran and lead to deaths of several citizens, which is referred to as 'Movement of 15 Khordad'. Once again after the release from house arrest in 1964, Khomeini denounced both Shah and United States for the capitulations granted by the Shah to United States armed military to be treid in their own Military Courts, which lead to his arrest in November 1964 and held for half a year. Four Members of Fedeyan Islam were executed for the murder of Hassan-Ali Mansur, who slapped Khomeini, when he refused to apologize and drop the opposition from the government, for which Khomeini was sent into exile to Turkey.[ www.time.com] B. Khomeini - Supreme Leader of Iran. Khomeini spent 14 years in exile, not limited to one specific nation. But mostly he lived in Nazaf of Iraq which was under Saddam Hussein's power, then Turkey and France. [news.bbc.co.uk] After the 1977 death of Dr. Ali Shariati, an Islamic reformist and political revolutionary author/academic/philosopher who greatly popularized the Islamic revival among young educated Iranians, Khomeini became the most influential leader of the opposition to the Shah perceived by many Iranians as the spiritual, if not political, leader of revolt.[Wikipedia.org] Protest grew against the rule of Shah which gave more influence to Khomeini. Although thousands of kilometers away from Iran in Paris, Khomeini set the course of the revolution, urging Iranians not to compromise and ordering work stoppages against the regime. This resulted into revolution among the supporters of Khomeini against the Shah. Khomeini returned to Iran on the condition that Shah left the country, which he did. Khomeini's return t o Iran was welcomed by joyous crowd, which led to creation of the government elected by him. [news.bbc.co.uk] He appointed the interim Prime Minister, demanding since he has appointed him, he must be obeyed and respected. According to him, it was God's government and disobeying the government was a revolt against God. Soldiers loyal to the Bakthiar Government defected Khomeini's movement. [Ayatollah Khomeini] Khomeini declared Jihad on soldiers who did not surrendered after gaining power, which led to

Aristotle's Theory concerning Moral Responsibility Essay

Aristotle's Theory concerning Moral Responsibility - Essay Example Aristotle believes that every human being has a responsibility for his or her actions, something that makes others reasonably praise, blame or even punish him or her; he shows this by pointing out various conditions, which lessen or even cancel this responsibility. He converses force of occurrences, threats, along with coercion, bad character, ignorance and intoxication. Taken together, his version shows the basic concepts involved in being a person who ends up getting reasonably praised or blamed. The primary limitation concerning voluntary action is the force of circumstances. Aristotle gives an example about a ship caught in a storm; in this case, the sailors have to throw goods overboard to avoid the sinking of the ship. Here, the action is not entirely voluntary; therefore the sailors are not to blame for their actions. On the other hand, the storm is not to blame for the undesirable outcome, which is the loss of the goods, since it is a natural event that no one is responsible. Another example is the case whereby my friend accidentally pushes me as a result of getting pushed by a bully; here, she is not to blame considering that it was not here intention to push me, rather, she got pushed, and as a result, ended up pushing me. These cases are extreme instances of the force of necessity whereby we always live and always get forced into our actions by natural facts, though we only notice this when the force happens to be sudden or unexpected (Williams 25). In reality, the interference of other people is what causes us the most grief, which in turn causes problems when it comes to responsibility attributions. This interference tends to take many forms; however, its paradigmatic forms happen to be coercion and manipulation. Concerning coercion, the judgment by Aristotle get balanced since it is dependent on what act my coercer is demanding from me, as well as the threats he is making. On the other hand, there are some actions, which tend to be extremely heino us that we must be blamed for carrying them out, whatever a person gets threatened with, together with whatever blame also tends to be attached to the coercer; hence Aristotle dismisses the thought that a man may be compelled to killing his mother (Williams 45). Apparently, a central issue at stake when it comes to attributions of responsibility happens to be the expectations that people have each other. Although there are some kinds of coercion that we do not normally expect people to oppose, there are also some forms of action that people should never embark on, regardless of such features. In these cases praise, together with blame tends to work on clarifying and to reinforce these expectations through the provision of a form of moral education. What determines appropriate or immoral character happens to be the manner in which a person reacts when he discovers the truth or failing to regret their deeds, then they can be blamed, albeit the original choice being justifiable. Accord ing to Aristotle, our praise and blame is in most cases, not about an individual act; rather, it is about the character of the one who acted. Importantly, not every form of ignorance gets excused since moral knowledge happens to be extremely distinctive from factual knowledge (Echenique 49). However, if a person tends to be morally ignorant, he or she ends up being unable to choose well; here, Aristotle grants that the majority of people of settled villainous character, whether they are morally ignorant or otherwise, are

A project is a complex, non-routine, one time effort limited by time, Essay

A project is a complex, non-routine, one time effort limited by time, budget, resources and performance specifications designed to meet customer needs Gray CF & Larson EW - Essay Example If there is a defined process, then standardisation is not a problem. In every software project, standard processes are employed and therefore, these can be standardised. For instance, PMI has created global standards of excellence for project management and so has National Competency Standards for Project Management (NCSPM 2007). Most of these standards are produced on an overall requirement and performance of people across the world. These might not be the ones that one might be able to adapt to their companies. Instead, a standard can be created based on the performance of the company's employees for their own internal requirement. This would ensure that the standards are more attainable and the same can be compared later with the global standards set by others. 2. The primary purpose of project management is to ensure that the customer requirements are met within the budgeted time and cost, in addition to the resources and performance specifications. While this is the target that the project manager would try to meet, there could always be issues which have to be countered by him. The time budget is drawn with the requirement of the customer in mind. The plan for the entire project in terms of time required will be drawn only on the basis of the requirements that the customer brings up. May be the customer or the company's management might bring up a time control in the plan which might make the project manager to recast the plan she has drawn. The time control and the requirements of the customer together will decide on the nature of resources that will be required for the company. Based on the resources that the project manager will employ to meet the requirements and the time limits, the costing budget is drawn. The performance specific ations will be the measure to judge how efficiently the team worked to deliver what was expected out of it, which is nothing but the customer requirements. Therefore, the entire requirements of the customer is the starting point and therefore, when the project manager meets her time schedule, resources, budget and the performance specifications, there will not be any issue in meeting the customer requirements. 3. The time, budget, resources and performance specifications are neither complementary nor competing demands. They are interrelated but not necessarily complementing one another. For instance, the planned time for a project and the constraint of time is related to the resources and the budget. When the resources in the project are increased, there will be a reduction in the time required. Not necessarily a standard mathematical relationship. The reduction may not be proportional to the resources that were employed. The same way, an increase in the time keeping the resources constant will escalate the budget. There could clear relationship between the time, resource and the budget. However, the time increase itself could have been the result of reduced resource availability. In case of performance specifications, these are only measures of the rest of the parameters that make up the project. The project performance ratings that are normally done will be calculated out of the time, bu dget, all resources or specific resources, multiple jobs and then

Aristotle's Theory concerning Moral Responsibility Essay

Aristotle's Theory concerning Moral Responsibility - Essay Example Aristotle believes that every human being has a responsibility for his or her actions, something that makes others reasonably praise, blame or even punish him or her; he shows this by pointing out various conditions, which lessen or even cancel this responsibility. He converses force of occurrences, threats, along with coercion, bad character, ignorance and intoxication. Taken together, his version shows the basic concepts involved in being a person who ends up getting reasonably praised or blamed. The primary limitation concerning voluntary action is the force of circumstances. Aristotle gives an example about a ship caught in a storm; in this case, the sailors have to throw goods overboard to avoid the sinking of the ship. Here, the action is not entirely voluntary; therefore the sailors are not to blame for their actions. On the other hand, the storm is not to blame for the undesirable outcome, which is the loss of the goods, since it is a natural event that no one is responsible. Another example is the case whereby my friend accidentally pushes me as a result of getting pushed by a bully; here, she is not to blame considering that it was not here intention to push me, rather, she got pushed, and as a result, ended up pushing me. These cases are extreme instances of the force of necessity whereby we always live and always get forced into our actions by natural facts, though we only notice this when the force happens to be sudden or unexpected (Williams 25). In reality, the interference of other people is what causes us the most grief, which in turn causes problems when it comes to responsibility attributions. This interference tends to take many forms; however, its paradigmatic forms happen to be coercion and manipulation. Concerning coercion, the judgment by Aristotle get balanced since it is dependent on what act my coercer is demanding from me, as well as the threats he is making. On the other hand, there are some actions, which tend to be extremely heino us that we must be blamed for carrying them out, whatever a person gets threatened with, together with whatever blame also tends to be attached to the coercer; hence Aristotle dismisses the thought that a man may be compelled to killing his mother (Williams 45). Apparently, a central issue at stake when it comes to attributions of responsibility happens to be the expectations that people have each other. Although there are some kinds of coercion that we do not normally expect people to oppose, there are also some forms of action that people should never embark on, regardless of such features. In these cases praise, together with blame tends to work on clarifying and to reinforce these expectations through the provision of a form of moral education. What determines appropriate or immoral character happens to be the manner in which a person reacts when he discovers the truth or failing to regret their deeds, then they can be blamed, albeit the original choice being justifiable. Accord ing to Aristotle, our praise and blame is in most cases, not about an individual act; rather, it is about the character of the one who acted. Importantly, not every form of ignorance gets excused since moral knowledge happens to be extremely distinctive from factual knowledge (Echenique 49). However, if a person tends to be morally ignorant, he or she ends up being unable to choose well; here, Aristotle grants that the majority of people of settled villainous character, whether they are morally ignorant or otherwise, are

Consumer Behaviour (Conduct a literature review on the topic of Essay

Consumer Behaviour (Conduct a literature review on the topic of consumption meaning) - Essay Example Needs can only be identified and prioritized if we apprehend how consumers give meanings to those needs. This document analyzes the meaning that consumers give to consumption by examining various academic literatures. Consumers have a personal domain of knowledge which is nurtured and affected by their native habitat, social environment and culture. Their buying behavior is based on the intuitive knowledge that they possess in their personal repository. This knowledge gives them meaning and value. They ascribe these meanings to marketed products, services, images, ideas and experiences and behave on the basis of these meanings (Arnould, Price & Zinkhan 2004). Meaning can be defined as the extent to which a consumer holds something highly regarded and places a high value on it (Hirschman 1991). To have a better understanding of the term consumption meaning let us turn to semiotics, a branch of cultural anthropology focused on study of signs. A sign is anything that stands for something else (Arnould, Price & Zinkhan 2004). The sign can be communicated through a corporate logo or a brand symbol. â€Å"A brand is a sign for the field of meanings consumers integrate into their personal space to enhance, complement or transform themselves and their world† (Oswald 2003). For instance, a logo of â€Å"Nike† or the brand â€Å"Sony† represents as a sign to the consumers. Consumers perceive these products based on their own experience and are brands or products are given different meanings by different consumers. Semiotics is a three part system and it’s also called as semiotic triangle. It involves a sign, object and an interpretant. For example, Toyota a renowned automobile company would be the object, its logo or brand name would be the sign and â₠¬Å"reliable†, â€Å"comfortable† and â€Å"long lasting† will be the interpretation regarding the brand â€Å"Toyota† made by different consumers. Each semiotic triangle exists within a particular cultural context

Energy and charisma Essay Example for Free

Energy and charisma Essay Throught the entire play Richard is without a doubt a character of energy and charisma, but in comparison to others is a very debatable question. That is why I am going to try and look at both sides of the arguement fairly to see if Richard is a character of strong energy and charisma compared to the others or if, he infact, is not. I think that the only person throught the play who see past Richards lies and deceit is his own mother (The Duchess) as in Act 2, scene 1-4 she talks about how unusually fast he grew as a child and how he was born with teeth. She goes on to talk about how he was mischevious (Parlous) and sharp tongued (Shrewd). There is also another character in Act 2, scene 4 who fears herself to be in danger from Richard duke of Gloucester. This character is Elizabeth. She realizes she is in great peril when her son (Grey) and her brother (Rivers) are both arrested. Elizabeth says: Come, come, my boy, we will to sanctuary.  Madam, farewell.  Elizabeth decides to flee, and go into hiding because she fears for her life from Richard. Elizabeth at this point I dont think knows exactly what Richards up too, but she does know Richard will come after her aswell. This is quite an unpredictable event as she does not wait around and fall into Richards evil plot. So i would say that she showed a knowledge and used initiative by pre-determining Richards plans for her, this shows that she is quite energetic. I would definetly say that she doesnt seem to be dull or predictable. A character that doesnt see what Richard has planned is Lord Hastings for in Act 3 scene 2 all the way to Act 3 scene 4 Hastings misses all the signs that almost blatantly show that Richard intends to kill him. This does not make him predictable or dull, just easily fooled. For example in Act 3 scene 2 Lord Stanley sends a messenger to Hastings telling him his dream was The boar razed off his helm in other words Lord Stanley was convinced that Hastings was in great danger of Richard, but Hastings calmy says:  To fly the boar before the boar pursues  Were to incense the boar to follow us  And make pusuit were he did not mean to chase. What Hastings is trying to says is that Stanley is just being paranoid and that it was just a simple dream, he says if they were to flee from Richard for fear of death and Richard didnt want to kill Hastings then it would cause him to find him and kill him and he may not have wanted to do such a thing in the first place. This is dramatic irony because what Hastings says is the complete opposite to Richards intentions for him, Hastings thinks if he would flee, Richard would kill him but infact Richard lures him and then kills him. Hastings is trying to think with some logic here and what he is saying does make sense, but from here on he becomes more and more ignorant to other signs he recieves, truly convinced that Richard means no harm to him. That was the first sign for Hastings, and because he is so predictable himself he seems to think that everyone else is too. For example he thinks he has Richard all figured out by saying:  Can lesser he hide his love or hate, than he,  For but his face straight shall you know his heart  He assumes that Richard cannot hide his true feelings and these are expressed, he doesnt belive he can almost be two people, because one Richard appears to be good, faithful and loyal whilst the real Richard is lying, cheating and decietful. If you were to compare both Hastings to Elizabeth you would see an etirely different contrast between them both. Elizabeth clearly sees herself in great danger and goes into hiding which is the opposite to what Hastings did, he was even lured by Richard into his own death. I personally belive Hastings wasnt as stupid as he seemed to be when it came to knowing Richard, I belive he was in denial that Richards intentions for him were death, I am sure Hastings wanted to belive that this wasnt true and that is why whenever a sign showed for him he dismissed it quickly without a second thought, so if this was true Hastings may be an energetic character, but in a completely opposite way. He trys to butter up Richard in possibly a faint attempt for Richard to reconsider killing Hastings, he does this by saying: I thank his grace, I know he loves me well  There are some characters in the play who can almost tell that Richard is lying and decietful, for example the two young princes. Richard trys to convince the boys that his uncles were arrested because they were evil but infact they deny what Richard says and they say they know that there good people. Other characters in this play dont really show much charisma, or at least not as much as Richard. This again doesnt mean they lack charismatic and energetic influences, i think its because Richard seems almost the most unlikely person who would ever betray people due to the fact he is a social outcast and is deformed a little. Im sure they fell for Richards false charm because of the fact he appears harmless and he can play both good and evil so well, I think most people would belive how he acted towards them. There is also another character who I myself think made Richard seem predictable and that was Lord Buckingham. For when Richard asks him to kill the two princes up in the tower he pushs Buckingham to his limit and Buckingham refuses to do it. I thought that Richard should have possibly seen this coming as everyone has there limits and Richard found Buckinghams limits. Another reason for Buckingham being an extra-ordinary character is because I feel he out-wits Richard due to the fact that I dont think Buckingham really wants to help Richard, I think he knew what Richard was up to and Buckingham thought it would be safer to help Richard or he would almost certainly get killed, and now that Richard has the throne Buckingham possibly feels theres no real threat from Richard anymore because he has the thone now. There are many characters in this play and personally all of them how there own unique energetic spirit, its not because they are dull and predictable its simply because Richard is a flatterer, and he was the most unlikely person to try and take the throne due to his deforment. The other characters were all to busy worrying about other people betraying them they hardly had time to notice Richards evil plots.  To summarise, I belive there are equal arguements to say Richard is more charismatic and energetic than the other characters. There are some who are predictable and others who I feel out-master Richards charisma. So all in all, there are some chracters who dull, some who match Richards charisma and others who top it.

Importance of Physics in our Daily Life Essay

Importance of Physics in our Daily Life Essay Role of physics in our daily life INTRODUCTION We are living in the century of science and technology and introduction of science in our daily has transformed our lives. When people had no idea about science, even then their lives were governed by principles of different branches of science. When we light a fire, it is a chemical process; when we eat and digest food, it is biological process; when we walk on Erath, it is governed by laws of physics; when an Earthquake occurs, it’s a seismic activity; when we talk about different terrains and gems of Earth surface, it is related to Geology. There is no single activity of our lives, which define our one or other field of science. Similarly, physics governs our everyday lives and is involved in a number of activities we perform and things we use in our daily life. Here we will discuss how physics is playing its part in running our everyday tasks and assists us to do our errands, chores and duties smoothly and effectively. BODY Physics is considered natural science because it deals with the things like matter, force, energy and motion. As these all are related to task related to everyday life, so, we can say that physics studies how the universe works, how Earth Moves around the sun, how lightening strikes, how our refrigerator works and many more. In short, physics define how everything works around us. When cannot separate anything from science and, our world cannot disconnect itself from the wonders of Physics. When we look around us, we can see a number of things that work on the principles of Physics. We can explain our several activities by making use of the knowledge of Physics. Here, we will discuss some of the example, which will help us to learn how physics is playing its part in our lives each day. Walking A number of principles of physics are involved in simple act of walking. It involves concepts of weight, Newton’s three laws of inertia, friction, gravitational law and potential and kinetic energy. When we walk, we actually act like an inverted pendulum. When we put the foot on ground, it becomes our axis and our mass is centered in our abdomen, describing the shape of an arc. When we set foot on ground, we actually put weight i.e w=mg and apply backward force on ground, as the response to our weight, ground responds by an opposing force which is vertical in nature, on leg which slows us down and this slowing process continues unless our leg comes nearest to our tummy. When leg is moving, kinetic energy is at maximum and potential energy is zero, but, when leg reaches nearest to belly or arc, potential energy reaches to its maximum. When another step is taken, the stored potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and this process continues. We act as an imperfect pendulu m, because all potential energy is not converted into kinetic energy. Only 65 percent of energy is provided by stored potential energy to take next step, remaining 35 percent is provided by bio chemical processes. (Kunzig, 2001) When we walk we actually do some work in physical terms, as W=F*S, when we exert some force and as a result of it we cover some distance we actually do work. During walking, Newton’s three laws of motion are applied. First law of motion states that, a body remains in state of rest unless a force is applied on it. When we are at rest, inertia is at maximum. Body needs largest amount of force to get out of state of inertia, i.e when we start walking. When we talk first step the energy is transferred from foot to upper body parts and we start moving, during the process of walking inertia keeps on changing increases when we set foot on ground and decreases when we move the foot up. Second law of motion states that a=F/m i.e acceleration is directly proportional to the force we use or exert while walking, therefore, when we will apply more force, our acceleration will increase. Third law of motion is about action and reaction, when we set foot on ground we exert force on it and as a result to it ground exerts reactionary vertical force on body. (Patricia Ann Kramer, 2011) Cooking Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, temperature and work done due to it. Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one medium to another i.e heat transfer. For heat transfer, heat travels from hotter surface to cooler. When we put pan, with water or something else in it, on burning stove the energy in flame of stove touches cold pan, it starts transferring heat to the pan thus making it hooter. This phenomenon is called conduction. Convection is a process of movement of molecules in liquid and gases. When we heat the pan, the water molecules on the base of pan start heating up, a time comes when they get enough energy and become hotter than the molecules around them, then they start moving to the surface of water. The water molecules on the surface are cooler and heavier from hot water, due to less heat energy, thus start moving down, this process continues until all water comes at same temperature. (ouchmath, 2011) The cooking process is an open system, because in this both matter and energy is lost. According to zeroth law of thermodynamics energy should be conserved, in our case the energy lost by flame is used by pot to heat water and thus the total energy remains conserved. If we use pressure cooker it uses het energy to bring spontaneous changes into food by using kinetic energy of molecules to bring chemical changes in food; thus satisfying law of thermodynamics that spontaneous works are done due to work energy. (Lathbridge, 2013) Cutting fruits and vegetables When we cut fruit and vegetable, we never realize that physics could be involved in this simple task, but, surely it is. In order to cut anything, we have to exert pressure on knife. When we increase the pressure we can cut an object easily. Pressure is dependent on force and area i.e directly dependent on force and inversely dependent on area. In simple terms we can say that when we exert more force we can cut an object easily, but, if same force is applied with a knife with thicker edges, we cannot it. From experiences we learn that the knives which have edges with smaller surface area can help to cut an object easily. Similarly, we can cut easily with a sharper knife than blunt. The blunt knife offers more friction, due to its rough edges; thus making it difficult to cut an object. Seeing Our eyes are an incredible gift by God. We see wonders of the world, by this small organ. When we talk about parts of body and their function, it is the general concept that we are talking about biology. But, we neglect the fact that functions of our body parts are also working under the laws of physics and chemistry. If we talk about the sense of seeing, we come to know that our eyes work as a camera to see things around us. The lens in our eyes is convex i.e it converges or focuses light. When light enters our eye, cornea and lens focus the light. Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye and iris creates an image on retina, which is real and inverted i.e like in camera. The image of light is converted into electrical signal, by photoreceptors, and sent to vision centre of brain by optic nerve. The vision center analyses the electric signal and arranges it into its original form i.e to be seen by eye. The image we can see is due to the amount of light reflected from that o bject. This is the reason why we cannot see in dark. (Edmondson, 2005) Eye can perceive different shapes and colors of the objects. Light consists of seven colors, when it falls on an object say, book of color red, it absorbs all the colors and reflect red color. This helps us to interpret that the cover of this book is red. When light falls a white object then it reflects all the colors and that’s why it seems white (we also regard light as white light). Similarly, when light falls on black object it absorbs all the light and reflects nothing that’s why that object looks black. (Pappas, 2010) Opening and closing doors Physics is also involved in opening and closing of hinged doors. The phenomenon involved in opening and closing of door is torque. Torque is the force required to twirl an object about an axis or fulcrum. When we open a door by using the handle, at farthest place from hinge, we can easily open the door by producing torque, ÆÂ ®=F*l sin ÆÅ ¸, where l is the distance of hinge from door knob or handle. (Lesson 27a: Torque (AP Only) , 2013) If the knob is located near the hinge, we have to exert more torque, thus producing less angular acceleration. When we apply force perpendicular to the door, larger angular acceleration is produced. When we apply force on the door knob, compel the door to rotate on its axis thus acting on the principle of torque. Torque is positive when we open the door clockwise and negative if we open it anticlockwise. (Broholom, 1997) CONCLUSION Here, we have seen a limited example of physics, but over life is governed by this branch of science. Physics governs a lot of natural phenomenon and also define a number of man made things like cars, refrigerators, microwave and escalators. Hence, we can say that our world is ruled by physics. Works Cited Broholom, C. (1997, October 20). Opening a door. Retrieved from John Hopkins University: http://www.pha.jhu.edu/~broholm/l18/node3.html Edmondson, R. (2005, November 11). How are we able to see things? Retrieved from MyUniversalFacts: http://www.myuniversalfacts.com/2005/11/how-are-we-able-to-see-things.html Kunzig, R. (2001). The Physics of Walking. DISCOVER Vol. 22 No. 07. Lathbridge, A. (2013, June 06). Thermodynamics of Cooking. Retrieved from Science fare: http://sciencefare.org/2013/06/26/thermodynamics-of-cooking/ Lesson 27a: Torque (AP Only) . (2013, March 12). Retrieved from studyphysics.ca: http://www.studyphysics.ca/2007/20/ap_torque/27_ap_a_torque.pdf ouchmath. (2011, January 25). THE PHYSICS OF COOKING. Retrieved from OUCH MATH: http://ouchmath.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/the-physics-of-cooking/ Pappas, t. (2010, April 29). How Do We See in Color? Retrieved from Live Science: http://www.livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.html Patricia Ann Kramer, A. D. (2011). The Energetic Cost of Walking: A Comparison of Predictive Methods. PLoS ONE, 6(6), doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021290.

The Allegory of the Cave: Turn Around :: essays research papers

The Allegory of the Cave: Turn Around   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Putting the Allegory of the Cave into my own words seems comparable to the Christian idea of using the lord's name in vain. First, I'd like to introduce a phenomenon I have observed throughout my life time. I call it soul resonance. Bear with me here. When two objects emit sympathetic vibrations, the sound or force multiplies. Example: Two tuning forks of the same frequency are struck upon each other and held a few feet apart. The vibration is much stronger. Something basic about each object recognizes a similar quality in the other, and amplifies it. As with so many other laws of science, this law applies to many other phenomena. I believe this is what people feel when they first hear the Allegory of the Cave . . . soul resonance. Somehow, something deep inside tells them that here we have found a singular truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Allegory, taken as the story of one man, narrates his life from ignorance to enlightenment. He sits within a cave, facing away from a blazing fire. He stares at the wall opposite him, watching pretty shadow puppets. He listens to the exotic, wonderful, and large words whispered in his ears by the puppeteers. He would naturally turn around, or perhaps even stand, but chains bind him to the ground, and the puppeteers have servants who hold his head in place. One day, a situation arises where he finds that the chains are broken, and he stands. This is against the will of the servants, but they have no physical power over him, if he does not allow it. He turns round and sees the fire and the puppeteers and then he realizes that all has been lies. He is not what they have told him. He does not feel what they have said he does. The fire blinds him. The puppeteers, seeing they have lost another to knowledge, quickly get rid of him by pushing him into the dark cave that looms off to the side, hoping for his demise. The man is lost, he has gone from darkness to light to darkness once again. Something within him tells him to climb, and he does, scrabbling. He cuts himself many times, and many times he almost falls to his demise on the rocky ground below. He pauses often. Until there comes a time when he sees a distant light at the exit/entrance to the cave. When he sees this light, he is not sure whether this is yet another shadow puppet on the wall, but it is upward and that is where he must go.

Compare and Contrast the Renaissance with the Middle Ages

Romantic poetry began with French Revolution in 1789. Romantic period is based on freedom of thought. The transition from structured form to imagination and individualism. Romanticism is means return to nature. Another means we can say ; everything take place around nature. In that period supernatural things is our imagination. Nature is the most significant subject in this period. Writers inspire from the nature. In that period William Wordsworth one of the most important poet in romantic period. ‘Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenmentand a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most st rongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences. Its effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant.’ In that paragraph it is told about romanticism. When we read that paragraph we will understand how the improve and which area the improve romanticism.William wordsworth is one of the most important poet in romantic period. He use simple / clean language. His poem are based on nature. William wordsworth beliefs in healing / cureing power at nature. According to William wordsworth ; Nature is the best teacher. We may learn everything from nature. For instance ; He wrote I wandered lonely as a cloud. I wandered lonely as a CloudI wandered lonely as a Cloud That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills, When all at once I saw a crowd A host of dancing Daffodils; Along the Lake, beneath the trees, Ten thousand dancing in the breeze.The poem is rich with imagery and in the first stanza, he describes the scene as he wonders ‘as lonely as a cloud.’ He compares himself to a solitary could that is floating over valleys and the hills and then he sees a ‘crowd’ of golden daffodils which are under the trees and beside a lake and dancing in the breeze. He is admiring the beauty around him and capturing a beautiful snatched moment in time that nature has presented to him. So that he issues love of the nature.Willam wordsworth wrote Lyrical Ballads with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Lyrical Ballads is a collection of poems. Its first edition was first published in the 1798. ‘The most of the poems in Lyricall ballads were written by wordsworth , four poems were contributed by Coleridge including his most poem ‘The Rime of Ancient Mariner.’’ The Lyrical ballad is said to ha ve begun the movement of romanticism in english poetry , the basic idea was to take the art of poetry into the reach of common people , in aspect of language and feelings.‘Its second edition was published in 1800’ , contains some more poems by Wordsworth , in this edition he also added a preface in which he described his thoughts and understanding on poetry. The Lyrical Ballads hold a very important place in english literature, as it significantly tried to change the course of english poetry and made it to be easily understood by common people. Here I am pasting both the first and the second edition of Lyrical ballads , which are freely available on my places on many places.

Letter to President Pierce Essay

This article talks about the contrast between the white man and the red man not understanding one another. Indians as described in this are connected to the earth; people who are one with nature, while the white man is described as people who destroy the earth, or consumers of the earth. As one of the points Seattle has pointed out is how the two men see land. The red man views the land as sacred, of which has to be protected, while the white man see land as an object, a thing, which could be taken whenever they want it. Another comparison by Seattle is the red man being peaceful; in solitude while the white man loves chaos and destruction. Both men cannot understand the other. The red man wonders why the white man steals their horses, slaughters the buffalo that they use for food, and take the land away. Later in the article the red man, or the indian concludes that whether it may be a ‘red man’ or a ‘white man’, both are human beings, and both are connecte d to one another, and what happens to one human, happens to all. Native americans, also known as the ‘red man’ were the first people before the white men came into America, so the article tells the truth. White men intruded the red men by hunting buffalo; the Indians’ main food source so that they would move out or starve to death. White men also took the Indians’ lands, forcing them to live somewhere else, when the Indians are used to roaming the earth; the land, hunting game, free with no boundaries. The red men were forced to adapt to the life of the white man, and lived in the cities, where it is chaotic, loud and confined. In conclusion, the article tells that all men are equal, and what happens to one happens to another, which is also what other people believe. To name a few : â€Å"Do not do unto others what you want others to do unto you.† (Confucius) and also the bible states, â€Å"Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord.† (Romans 12:19 KJV) All men believe that there will be redemption to people who take advantage of other people for self-gain.

I wonder if Princeton should be poorer Essay

â€Å"l wonder if Princeton should be poorer. † BY akp1993 If you’re a high school senior trying to seduce the admissions officer reading your application essay, this may not strike you as the ideal opening line. But Shanti Kumar, a senior at the Bronx High School of Science, went ahead anyway when the university prompted her to react in writing to the idea of â€Å"Princeton in the nation’s service and in the service of all nations. † Back in January, when I asked high school seniors to send in college application essays about money, class, working and the economy, I wasn’t sure what, if anything, ould come in over the transom. But 66 students submitted essays, and with the help of Harry Bauld, the author of â€Å"On Writing the College Application Essay,† we’ve selected four to publish in full online and in part in this column. That allowed us to be slightly more selective than Princeton itself was last year. What these four writers have in common is an appetite for risk. Not only did they talk openly about issues that are emotionally complex and often outright taboo, but they took brave and counterintuitive positions on class, national identity and the application process itself. For anyone looking to inspire their own children or grandchildren who are seeking to go to college in the fall of 2014, these four essays would be a good place to start. Perhaps the most daring essay of all came from Julian Cranberg, a 17-year-old from Brookline, Mass. One of the first rules of the college admissions process is that you don’t write about the college admissions process. But Mr. Cranberg thumbed his nose at that convention, taking on the tremendous cost of the piles of mail schools send to potential students, and the waste that results from the effort. He figured that he received at least $200 worth of pitches in the past year or so. â€Å"Why, in an era of record-high student loan debt and unemployment, are colleges not reallocating these ludicrous funds to aid their own students instead of extending their arms far and wide to students they have never met? † he asked in the essay. Antioch College seemed to think that was a perfectly reasonable question and accepted him, though he will attend Oberlin College instead, to which he did not submit the essay. â€Å"It’s a bold move to critique the very institution he was applying to,† said Mr. Bauld, who also teaches English at Horace Mann School in New York City. â€Å"But here’s somebody who knows he can make it work with intelligence and humor. † college that sent him a DHL â€Å"priority’ envelope, noting inside that he was a priority to the college. â€Å"The humor here is not in the Jokes,† Mr. Bauld added. â€Å"It originates in a critical habit of mind, and the kind of mind that is in this essay is going to play out extremely well in any class that he’s in. † Admissions professionals often warn people not to think that they can write their way into the freshman class. The essay is one document that, even in the best of circumstances, is written by an individual telling one story,† said Shawn Abbott, the assistant vice president for undergraduate admissions at New York University. â€Å"l don’t believe that any one writing sample should trump what they did over four years. † Still, he acknowledged that his staff had been taken with the story told by Lyle L’, a 19-year-old Brooklyn resident who applied this year. He wrote about his familys restaurant and his mother, an immigrant from China who once wanted to be a doctor and now works behind a cash register. When I visit my friends, I see the names of elite institutions adorning the living room walls,† wrote Mr. Li, a senior at Regis High School in Manhattan. â€Å"l am conscious that these framed diplomas are testaments to the hard work and accomplishments of my friends’ parents and siblings. Nevertheless, the sight of them was an irritating reminder of the disparity between our households. I was not the upper-middle-class kid on Park Avenue. Truth be told, I am Just some kid from Brooklyn. Instead of diplomas and accolades, my parents’ room emits a smell from the restaurant uniforms they wear seven days a week, all year round. â€Å"

Human resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Human resource - Essay Example The act further prevents employers from using force or threat of retaliation to influence employees’ freedom and right to elect, democratically, their unions for representation. The act also identifies an organization’s supervisor as part of its management. This means that a supervisor is an organization’s agent and the organization is therefore vicariously liable for its supervisors’ actions (Bramball, 2012). The same act however identifies management’s right to influence unions’ elections through tactful initiatives (DeCrew, 2003). Applying these principles supports my decision to uphold the elections because even though the supervisor made repeated appearances near the union’s meeting, his action does not communicate any form of threat to retaliate on the union. This undermines applicability of threat of reprisal against the union. Even though the supervisor is an agent to the organization, his action is consistent with the manageme nt’s right to use its tactics to influence union elections (Bramball, 2012; DeCrew,

Why do policy makers see the family as central to the solutions of Essay

Why do policy makers see the family as central to the solutions of social problems - Essay Example In this paper, I will discuss the problem of older people in the United Kingdom and see why this issue related to the family is so important for policy makers. The demographics of the United Kingdom have been changing over the years in a manner that the proportion of older people is increasing. As a result of higher life expectancy at birth as well as above 65 and lower birth rates - at 2.2 per woman - the proportion of the elderly is expected to grow even further (Jeevans, 2004). It is estimated that by 2025, over 30 percent of the UK population will be above the age 55. Not just that, the government projects that as early as 2014, the number of people above 65 will be higher than those below 16. In 1981, the life expectancy of men at 60 was another 16 years while that of women was another 21 years. In 2003, it was 20 for men and 23 for women. The government projects that in 2026, it will be 24 and 27 for men and women respectively (Jeevans, 2004). According to the International Longevity Centre - UK (2006), the population in the UK and Wales is expected to grow by 6.5 million till 2031, of which 5.6 million will be above 65 years and 2.3 million above 80 years. The south east and north-west parts of the country have the highest number of people above 65 years while the east Midlands and the east are expected to have the highest growth in the number of elders by 2028. Although the baby boomer generation looks at ageing in a considerably different manner than did earlier generations, with more people above 65 having gainfully employed lives and 30 percent of people above 75 helping out other older people who are in need (Jeevans, 2004), there are frequent media reports of institutional abuse on the elderly, particularly on those who suffer from dementia or learning disabilities. According to the International Longevity Centre - UK (2006), 1 in 100 people in the UK suffer from dementia. The figure is 1 in 20 for the age group between 70 and 79 years, 1 in 5 for people between 80 and 85 and 1 in three for those above 90. Hence, the issue of abuse takes crucial importance for such elders who are not able to look after themselves. The prevalence of elder abuse While the proportion of older people in the population of UK, there is also an increasing tendency of treating seniors in an abusive manner. Although there is little academic research on elder abuse in the United Kingdom, the lack of social awareness regarding this problem subjects older people to pathetic conditions at the twilight of their lives. To make things worse, elder abuse is quite prevalent in the family setting, making this a concern for social policy makers. The most comprehensive study on elder abuse was conducted by Ogg and Bennett (1992) who surveyed a sample of about 2,000 people. They found that about 5 percent of the elders above 60 years of age suffered verbal or psychological abuse while 2 percent suffered physical or financial abuse from family and relatives. However, it must also be noted that not many older people would like to report abuse from the family. A survey by the Community and District Nursing Association found in 2003 elder abuse was as prevalent as 88 percent and 12 percent of elders reported abuse at least once

Experimental versus Non-Experimental Research Assignment

Experimental versus Non-Experimental Research - Assignment Example They produce different research results and findings and this helps to draw conclusions and different responses to given studies. The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast experimental and non-experimental quantitative research approaches. In order to complete this research, the following objectives are going to be explored: Quantitative research is a systematic empirical investigation of a given social phenomenon and it employs various statistical and mathematical techniques to define the variables and measure them in order to draw a conclusion (Nykiel, 2012). Quantitative research is an empirical research that seeks to use mathematical and other statistical methods to evaluate a given research topic. Quantitative research involves the development of an appropriate method and an appropriate approach to study a given phenomenon. Measurement is a distinct and unique aspect of quantitative research. This is because quantitative research involves finding ways and means to measure a given set of data objectively in order to draw a conclusion on the research variables (Carter & Thomas, 2010). This is done by formulating a hypothesis and evaluating the hypothesis through the observation of specific elements and aspects of interest (Macnee & McCabe, 2012). Therefore, there is the need for some kind of variables that can be numerically measured and analyzed in order to draw a conclusion on the subjects at hand and the matter being studied. Therefore, quantitative research is an empirical observation and a mathematical expression of the relationship between the variables (Lodico, Spaulding, & Voegtle, 2012). The main approach that is used in quantitative research is to define a hypothesis and operationalize the research. Operationalization of a research is done through the definition of variables and putting the variables in a way and manner in which they can be measured and matched against each other.  Ã‚  

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Response Paper - Essay Example The readings by Colin H. Kahl, gives a clear definition of conflicts that can lead to physical aggression. It is also suggests reasons why political concepts such as ecologic security are unable to deal with problems resulting from transformation. The paper tries to explore the evidence and arguments expresses in other articles to propose as well as oppose the notion. Since the year 1990, Kenya as a country has gone through an obvious decay in security human condition from the mushrooming insignificant transgression to the start of ethnic cleansing. The local and the worldwide press frequently discuss the incident of the ever rising cases of criminal offenses and insecurity. The reading disaggregates the different forms and localities that bloodshed took place and the dynamics that binds them. Problematizing the relations between the state and the society transcends beyond the state incapability to uphold security in the country. At times this plays a role in encouraging and at times aggressively incites violence. Environmental degradation relates directly to political stability in a country. In the past civil and over the past several decades, civil and tribal wars have destabilized the chances for economical advancement as well as political development in the developing countries. This resulted to loss of lives of many citizens while some were left homeless as in the case in Kenya during ethnic violence in 1991(Foucault et al 2009). Statistics shows that demographic and ecological challenges coupled with interactions between the population increase, ecological degradation and rising scarcities of fundamental natural aspects of survival signify the cause of wars in the present world. Kahl suggests that the situation leads to tension in the work places thus leading to massive pressure on the societal groupings and the government. This issue has resulted to increase in occurrence of armed conflict in the developing countries. He

Risk management process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk management process - Essay Example This paper gives a critical analysis of a diagrammatic representation of the steps of risk management. This is achieved in conjunction with a detailed evaluation of the journal article â€Å"Understanding Risk Management in Small 7 Steps† (Mazareanu, 2011). Figure 1 below presents the 6 major steps in risk management. Nonetheless the article â€Å"Understanding Risk Management in Small 7 Steps† breaks down the steps of risk management process into seven small steps. It is however notable that the journal article describes the major areas in risk management sufficiently in scope (Mazareanu, 2011). In accordance to Fig 1 above, the process of risk management begins with the assessment of risk. Mazareanu (2011), in the journal article, describes this stage as the assessment of vulnerabilities. Nonetheless this translates to the same meaning. Therefore the risk management process begins with the assessment of both internal and external factors which makes individuals or organizations vulnerable to risk. In the assessment of risk, it is necessary to consider the assets that are at stake and the level of vulnerability that they are exposed to incase of a disaster, accident or failure (Burnaby & Hass, 2009). The diagram shows that after the assessment of risk, the process of risk management is followed by the development of goals and objectives of the management process. These goals and objectives acts as a roadmap against which the processes of risk management are measured (LAbbate, 2008). Fig 1 illustrates various considerations in the design of objectives and goals of the risk management process. Firstly, policy issues must be considered because they have a direct effect on the implementation of the risk management processes and project. Secondly, the standards for cleanup are designed. These are the guidelines which limit the extent to which risks are

Half The Sky Essay Example for Free

Half The Sky Essay With Pulitzer Prize winners Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn are great authors who give us true stories of girls and woman from Africa and Asia and their extraordinary struggles. We view the Cambodian teenager sold into sex slavery and an Ethiopian woman who suffered devastating injuries in childbirth. Drawing on the breadth of their combined reporting experience, Kristof and WuDunn view our world with anger, sadness, clarity, and, ultimately, hope. Through these stories, Kristof and WuDunn help us see that the key to economic progress lies in unleashing women’s potential. They make clear how so many people have helped to do just that, and how we can each do our part. In much of the world, the greatest unemployed economic resource is the female half of the population. Countries such as China have prospered precisely because they emancipated women and brought them into the formal economy. Realistic, and inspirational, this book is essential reading for everyone. They tell of an attempt to help a woman dying in childbirth in an African hospital, and the institutional, social, and financial problems that block efforts. They discuss how their support for legalization of prostitution was undercut by the more sordid reality they discovered behind the apparent success of just such a legal zone in India (in Kolkata), and examine how legalization of prostitution in the Netherlands compares as an anti-trafficking technique with the criminalization of sex-service purchases in Sweden. They point out how the campaign against female circumcision has been set back by the campaigners’ use of terminology (â€Å"female genital mutilation†) that turned the people they wanted to help against them. Kristof and WuDunn emphasis how important it is for individuals speaking up and resisting—but it’s here that their proposals (or, at least, their exhortations) seem questionable. (Mukhtar Mai) name we have heard before, Usha Narayane, and Sunitha Krishnan are clearly remarkable women, and deserve every support, but it is also true that they are very brave, and driven individuals—and lucky, because of their risk.