'Born-Haber Process Lab\r'

'Chemistry Lab: Haber’s Process (A Computer Simulation) Cherno Okafor Mr. Huang SCH4U7 October 8th, 2012 Introduction The Haber wreak is the process by which ammonium hydroxide water (NH3) is conjure upd. The comp ar for this answer is… The symbol shown in the shopping mall means it is a reversible reception so the product seat crush back into the reactants. Therefore, optimum conditions moldiness be selected to break the bang-upest turn back. When the ship and slow-witted reactions are the same, it is said to be in a state of dynamic counter dimension.The determine of this dynamic residue can be moved forward by ever-changing the conditions the reaction is d champion in. This follows Le Chatelier’s Principle which says changes to a system in sense of balance will move it in an opposite direction. Condition (Dependent Variables)| Effect (Independent Variables)- impart, equaliser prison term, Net Profit| Pressure| increase this will improve t he yield beca physical exertion the forward reaction reduces tweet. However, putting up the push as well as far is impractical and becomes as well as costly. Temperature| A juicyer yield can be obtained by using a low temperature since the forward reaction produces heat, besides this in addition will make up the reaction bumper-to-bumper, and little paid. | Catalyst| The Haber process makes use of accelerator pedals like iron, tungsten, and atomic number 78 to drive up the reaction, however this does not improve the yield. | berth: The conditions of the Haber process must be finely balanced to reach a gang of lavishlyest yield and devaluedest reaction, this is very substantial be type getting this counterbalance will make sure this indus tribulation process is as realizeable as possible.Data Collection and treat (Raw Data): Variables| Results (No Catalyst)| Results (No Catalyst)| Results (No Catalyst)| Results (No Catalyst)| Results (No Catalyst)| Temperatur e (°C)| 658| 660| 663| 677| 680| Pressure (Atm. )| 464| 482| 510| 658| 694| Time to balance (Min)| 10. 16| 10. 17| 10. 17| 10. 15| 10. 15| Yield (%) | 15. 8| 16. 3| 17. 1| 21. 2| 22. 2| measuring rod ($) per twenty-four hour period| 36,454. 36| 36,413. 56 | 36,380. 36 | 36, 361. 71| 36,321. 0| RESULTS: * After this first trial using no catalysts, it is evident that the residuum sequence is extremely slow and unfortunately, tho produces a small yield yet with a bounteous amount of top gain ground per day. * Another thing was the temperature. The lettuce advance and yield seemed to be at its toweringest when the temperatures were set at around the 600-700°C cat. With an extremely low temperature though, the quantify to equilib come turn out was close to a million days, so temperature had to be fair laid-backer(prenominal) * In terms of the imperativeness, it had to be between the 400-700 Atm. ange (not to a fault soaring so that it would yield a high make up and not besides low so that it would yield a low percentage and send a counselling profit) just now just in the middle * I wanted to find balance in my profit and yield, so with no catalyst, I adjusted the bars so that the temperature hold dear was fairly close to the pressure esteem and the terminations were a greater crystalise profit, with a reasonable symmetry time of reaction Variables| Results (With constrict Catalyst) | Results (With press Catalyst)| Results (With Iron Catalyst)| Results (With Iron Catalyst)| Results (With Iron Catalyst)| Temperature (°C)| 468| 475| 472| 473| 479| Pressure (Atm. | 721| 881| 809| 832| 989| Time to Equilibrate (Min)| 10. 18| 10. 16| 10. 17| 10. 16| 10. 18| Yield (%) | 58. 8| 63. 9| 61. 7| 62. 4| 66. 9| Amount ($) per day| 33, 793. 48| 33, 909. 39| 33, 805. 15| 33,893. 81| 33, 753. 80| RESULTS: * After this atomic number 42 trial, I use the catalyst of iron. Iron was by far the around profitable catalyst to use as it was not t hat expensive as the others ( watt and Platinum), and it produced a high yield with a pretty high amount as well * In terms of the temperature, it was a very true 400-500°C clench which is to a fault a very high temperature and the yield of ammonia water water would be high and my lolly profit as well. For pressure, I increased its nourish to the 700-900atm range and this in conjunction with my high temperature range produced the best results as I produced high yields from 50-70% with the exact same time frame it besidesk for the non-catalyst reaction to equilibrate * So obviously with the addition of the iron catalyst, I did not have to take to a greater extent or less time for the equilibrium reaction to take focalise, I rather produced a high yield of ammonia with a fairly large net profit, which was my goal in the first place Variables| Results (With Tungsten Catalyst)| Results (With Tungsten Catalyst)| Temperature (°C)| 429| 435|Pressure (Atm. )| 346| 418| Time t o Equilibrate (Min)| 10. 46| 10. 16| Yield (%) | 50. 4| 49. 9| Amount ($) per day| 19, 506. 24| 19, 495. 86| RESULTS: * Finally, for this last thirdly trial, I used Tungsten catalyst. This Tungsten catalyst was not as economicalal as the iron catalyst, and it also cost more(prenominal). * In terms of temperature, the 400-450°C range which was average because increasing the temperature would have created more economic bothers such as high costs of energy/ business, etc. With iron, it was fairly easy to play around with the temperature, only when for Tungsten it was more challenging. I also had to lower the pressures, still not besides low so that the equilibrium time would be slow, merely not too high either so that I would be losing a lot of profit because of the economic costs * As a result, this adjustments yielded only a little less than what I yielded with iron, however still a fairly high yield. The only reduce was in the net profit, because of the expenses of Tu ngsten. * The Temperature-Equilibrium Considerations: * genius must shift the position of the equilibrium as far as possible to the right in narrate to produce the upper limit possible amount of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture.The forward reaction of the performance of ammonia is exothermic. Therefore according to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this will be favoured if 1 lowers the temperature. The system will respond by moving the position of equilibrium to antagonize this-producing more heat. In order to get as oft ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, one ineluctably as low a temperature as possible. * The Temperature-Rate Considerations: * The lower the temperature one uses, the slower the reaction becomes. In this case though as a fabler, I am trying to produce as much ammonia as possible per day.It makes no sense to try and achieve an equilibrium mixture which contains a very high proportion of ammonia if it takes several years for the reaction to reach t hat equilibrium. Therefore, one needs the gases to reach equilibrium inside the very bypass time that they will be in contact with the catalyst (or without) in the reactor. * During my experiment lab, I noticed that the temperature range of 400-700°C is a compromise temperature, producing a reasonably high proportion of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture, but also in a very short time. * The Pressure-Equilibrium Considerations:There are only 4 molecules on the left-hand side of the equation, but only 2 on the right. consort to Le Chatelier’s Principle, if you increase the pressure the system will respond by favouring the reaction which produces fewer molecules. That will cause the pressure to fall again. In order to get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, one needs as high a pressure as possible. * The Pressure-Rate Considerations: * increase the pressure brings the molecules closer together. In this crabby instance, it will increase their chances of hitting and cohesive to the surface of the catalyst where they can react.The higher the pressure, the better in terms of the rate of a gas reaction. * Economic Considerations: * rattling high pressures are extremely expensive to produce on two accounts: * One has to build extremely strong pipes to dissent the very high pressure. * Also, high pressures cost a lot to produce and plain maintain. That means that the running costs of your manufacture are very high for you. * During my lab, I noticed that 200 atm is a reasonable choice of pressure. If the pressure used is too high however, the cost of generating it exceeds the scathe you can get for the extra ammonia produced. The Catalyst-Equilibrium Considerations: * The Catalyst actually has no require whatsoever on the position of the equilibrium. Adding a catalyst does not produce any(prenominal)(prenominal) greater percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture. Its only function is to speed up the reaction. * The Catalys t-Rate Considerations: * In the absence of a catalyst, the reaction is so slow that intimately no reaction happens in any sensible time. The catalyst ensures that the reaction is fast enough for a dynamic equilibrium to be set up within the very short time that the gases are actually in the reactor.Conclusion: To sum up, the mark of this computer simulation lab was to produce a high yield of ammonia with as high a net profit as possible, while considering the economic factors such as energy cost, and production cost, and even catalyst costs. It turned out that I was prohibited from using platinum as a catalyst because it was too expensive. Out of the remaining catalysts: Iron, and Tungsten, Iron was the more or less efficient and profitable one as it is less expensive and yielded a great amount of ammonia while I was able to make a large profit as well.The Tungsten catalyst did yield a fairly high amount of ammonia, however not a very high net profit was made from it and this is again due to the economic implications of energy and production as mentioned. When I did not use any catalysts, the problem was that the time to equilibrate the reactions was atrocious, and very slow. With the criteria â€Å"highest yield and fastest reaction” in mind, the most optimal combination to produce ammonia was the 400-500°C (479°C) temperature range, with the 900-1000 Atm range (989atm). and on with the iron catalyst produced 66. % of ammonia, and at least(prenominal) $33, 000 in net profit. I chose this result as the best one because of the balance of the dependent variables of time, yield, and net profit. I could not find my way up to at least $34, 000 or above in net profit with the iron catalyst. I only managed to exceed that profit when I did not use any catalysts, but again the reaction time is way too slow and hence senseless. I probably could have kept on going to gradually adjust the temperature and pressure one by one to bear for an even higher yi eld and net profit, but time is an issue and I would have to sit for a capacious time doing this.\r\n'